Impact of agricultural activities on trace element levels in soils of Mato Grosso, Brazil

The expansion of intensive agriculture must be linked to soil quality, especially in strategic regions for global food production, such as the state of Mato Grosso. This study evaluated the distribution and total levels of trace elements (TEs) in the soils of this region, identifying possible influences of agricultural activity and providing support for sustainable management practices. A total of 186 soil samples representing the nine ecoregions of the state, at a depth of 0–20 cm, were analyzed. The levels of TEs were extracted using the aqua regia digestion method and quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. Descriptive, inferential, and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. The results indicated that most of the TEs were below reference values, suggesting that the areas are safe for agricultural production. The state has naturally elevated levels of As, Cr, and Fe, along with low levels of Se. These data contribute to national discussions and prevent misinterpretations about environmental contamination. An increase in Zn and Cd was observed in agricultural areas, within safe levels and related to fertilization. Specific regions, due to high levels TEs, require more monitoring. Spearman correlation and cluster analysis, combined with the study of different soil types, geological provinces, and lithologies, as well as knowledge of natural areas, were essential for understanding the origins of the TEs. This study provides important information for sustainable soil management and food security.