An automatic system to record foraging behaviour in free-ranging ruminants

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M., Champion, R. A. and Penning, P. D. 1997. An automatic system to record foraging behaviour in free-ranging ruminants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 54 (2-3), pp. 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01191-4

Publication dates
Authors	Rutter, S. M., Champion, R. A. and Penning, P. D.
Abstract	Precise measurements of grazing behaviour are required to develop an understanding of the factors affecting the foraging behaviour of free-ranging domestic ruminants. An automatic, microcomputer-based system for the digital recording of the jaw movements of free-ranging cattle and sheep is described. Data recorded by the system can be processed to determine periods of eating and ruminating, and count the number of mastications and prehensions during eating and the number of mastications and boli processed during ruminating. The grazing behaviour of eight sheep (each in a different group) was recorded simultaneously by both the automatic system and one of several manual observers on four separate occasions. The overall index of concordance between the manual observers and the automatic system was 91.0%. However, the disagreements between the two recording methods probably reflect inaccuracies in the manual rather than in the automatic observations. The automatic system described in this paper provides a reliable means of recording various aspects of the foraging behaviour of free-ranging ruminants.
Keywords	grazing behaviour; automatic recording; RRES175; 175_Livestock; 175_Biotechnology
Year of Publication	1997
Journal	Applied Animal Behaviour Science
Journal citation	54 (2-3), pp. 185-195
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(96)01191-4
Open access	Published as non-open access
Funder project or code	12
	Project: 2421 4120
Online	03 Nov 1998
Publication process dates
Accepted	18 Nov 1996
ISSN	01681591
Publisher	Elsevier
Copyright license	Publisher copyright

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Rutter, S. M. 2003. Quantifying the damage wild deer cause to agricultural crops and pastures.

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A radio bolus to monitor rumen pH and temperature in cattle

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Champion, R. A. and Evans, R. T. 2002. A radio bolus to monitor rumen pH and temperature in cattle. Abstract Proceedings European Intake Workshop X, Reykjavik, Iceland, 22-24 August 2002.

Bites and chews in sheep: acoustic versus automatic recording

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M., Ungar, E. D., Molle, G. and Decandia, M. 2002. Bites and chews in sheep: acoustic versus automatic recording. Abstract Proceedings European Intake Workshop X, Reykjavik, Iceland, 22-24 August 2002.

Use of electronic animal identification in an operant conditioning system for grazing sheep

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cook, J. E., Champion, R. A. and Rook, A. J. 2002. Use of electronic animal identification in an operant conditioning system for grazing sheep. Abstract Proceedings European Intake Workshop X, Reykjavik, Iceland, 22-24 August 2002.

Intake and dietary choices by grazing ruminants, effects of time of day and water soluble carbohydrate content in forage

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rook, A. J., Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M. and Moorby, J. M. 2002. Intake and dietary choices by grazing ruminants, effects of time of day and water soluble carbohydrate content in forage. American Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Nov 11-14 2002.

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G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 2002. Daily yields increase with mixed diet of pure swards. Farmers Weekly. 11 October, p. 38.

The effect of a total solar eclipse on the grazing behaviour of dairy cattle

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M., Tainton, V., Champion, R. A. and Le Grice, P. 2002. The effect of a total solar eclipse on the grazing behaviour of dairy cattle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 79 (4), pp. 273-283.

Behaviour of sheep and goats

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Rutter, S. M. 2002. Behaviour of sheep and goats. in: Jensen, P. (ed.) Ethology of domestic animals - an introductory text CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon (CABI). pp. 145-158

Ingestive behaviour of heifers grazing monocultures of ryegrass or white clover

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M., Orr, R. J., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H. and Champion, R. A. 2002. Ingestive behaviour of heifers grazing monocultures of ryegrass or white clover. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 76 (1), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00205-2

Opportunities for enhancing the delivery of novel forage attributes

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cosgrove, G. P., Parsons, A. J., Marotti, D. M., Rutter, S. M. and Chapman, D. F. 2001. Opportunities for enhancing the delivery of novel forage attributes. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, Lincoln, New Zealand, 25-29 June 2001.

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C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

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Benefits from mixed grazing

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 2001. Benefits from mixed grazing. British Dairying. 8 (2), p. p11.

Cows `in clover'

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 2001. Cows `in clover'.

Maximising the use of grazed herbage in dairy cows

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 2001. Maximising the use of grazed herbage in dairy cows. Agricultural Supply Industry. 31 (40), p. p3.

Nutritional and grazing management of the dairy cow

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Dewhurst, R. J., Rutter, S. M. and Rook, A. J. 2001. Nutritional and grazing management of the dairy cow. Wathes, C. R., Frost, A. R., Gordon, F. and Wood, J. D. (ed.) Integrated Management Systems for Livestock. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science (BSAS) / International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE) Joint Conference, Cambridge, 11-12 September 2001, BSAS Occasional Publication No. 28. pp. 71-76

Preference for grass and clover by dairy cattle: is free choice important?

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Nuthall, R., Champion, R. A., Orr, R. J. and Rook, A. J. 2001. Preference for grass and clover by dairy cattle: is free choice important? Garner, J. P., Mench, J. A. and Heekin, S. P. (ed.) 35th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (ISAE), Davis, California, USA, 4-8 August 2001. pp. 039

Intake rate during meals and meal duration for sheep in different hunger states, grazing grass or white clover swards

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Orr, R. J., Penning, P. D., Rutter, S. M., Champion, R. A., Harvey, A. and Rook, A. J. 2001. Intake rate during meals and meal duration for sheep in different hunger states, grazing grass or white clover swards. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 75, pp. 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00176-9

Effects of abomasal infusion of long chain fatty acids on intake, feeding behaviour and milk production in dairy cows

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Benson, J. A., Reynolds, C. K., Humphries, D. J., Rutter, S. M. and Beever, D. E. 2001. Effects of abomasal infusion of long chain fatty acids on intake, feeding behaviour and milk production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 84 (5), pp. 1182-1191. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74579-1

Intake characteristics and performance of contrasting grass varieties continuously stocked with sheep

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Orr, R. J., Cook, J. E., Champion, R. A. and Rook, A. J. 2001. Intake characteristics and performance of contrasting grass varieties continuously stocked with sheep. Gomide, J. A., Mattos, W. R. S. and Carneiro da Silva, S. (ed.) Grassland Ecosystems: an Outlook into the 21st Century. Proceedings 19th International Grassland Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 10-21 February 2001. Theme 13: Plant Improvement. pp. 529-530

Methane production by sheep in relation to temporal changes in grazing behaviour

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Lockyer, D. R. and Champion, R. A. 2001. Methane production by sheep in relation to temporal changes in grazing behaviour. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 86 (3), pp. 237-246.

Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D. and Rook, A. J. 2001. Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows. Grass and Forage Science. 56 (4), pp. 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00284.x

Updates to the Graze program: movement analysis and compatibility with "The Observer"

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Champion, R. A. and Rutter, S. M. 2000. Updates to the Graze program: movement analysis and compatibility with "The Observer". 3rd International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research, Nijmegen, August 2000. pp. 39-41

Monoculture swards might boost yields

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 2000. Monoculture swards might boost yields. Farmers Weekly. 132 ((10), 10 March), p. p38.

Ingestive behaviour of dairy heifers grazing grass or white clover swards under rotational stocking management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H., Champion, R. A. and Rook, A. J. 2000. Ingestive behaviour of dairy heifers grazing grass or white clover swards under rotational stocking management. Proceedings 6th British Grassland Society Research Conference, Aberdeen, 11-13 September 2000. pp. 41-42

Intake rate, grazing time and daily intake by sheep grazing perennial ryegrass varieties under continuous stocking management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cook, J. E., Champion, R. A., Orr, R. J. and Rook, A. J. 2000. Intake rate, grazing time and daily intake by sheep grazing perennial ryegrass varieties under continuous stocking management. Proceedings 6th British Grassland Society Research Conference, Aberdeen, 11-13 September 2000. pp. 67-68

Methane emissions from sheep: influence of behaviour

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Murray, P. J., Champion, R. A. and Kimber, N. 2000. Methane emissions from sheep: influence of behaviour. Proceedings 6th British Grassland Society Research Conference, Aberdeen, 11-13 September 2000. pp. 115-116

Milk production by dairy cows grazing mixed swards or adjacent monocultures of grass and white clover

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Nuthall, R., Rutter, S. M. and Rook, A. J. 2000. Milk production by dairy cows grazing mixed swards or adjacent monocultures of grass and white clover. Proceedings 6th British Grassland Society Research Conference, Aberdeen, 11-13 September 2000. pp. 117-118

The behaviour of cows following a total solar eclipse: shedding new light on the control of diurnal patterns of grazing behaviour

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Tainton, V., Champion, R. A., Eddison, J. C. and LeGrice, P. 2000. The behaviour of cows following a total solar eclipse: shedding new light on the control of diurnal patterns of grazing behaviour. Ramos, A., Filho, L. C. P. M. and Hotzel, M. J. (ed.) 34th International Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE), Florianopolis, Brazil, 17-20 October 2000. pp. 190

Dietary preference for grass and white clover in sheep and cattle: an overview

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M. and Orr, R. J. 2000. Dietary preference for grass and white clover in sheep and cattle: an overview. Rook, A. J. and Penning, P. D. (ed.) Grazing Management: the Principles and Practice of Grazing, for Profit and Environmental Gain, within Temperate Grassland Systems. British Grassland Society (BGS) Occasional Symposium, 34, Harrogate, 29 February - 2 March 2000. British Grassland Society (BGS) Hurley. pp. 73-78

Effect of the anti bloat agent poloxalene on n-alkane concentration in cattle faeces

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Nuthall, R., Rutter, S. M. and Rook, A. J. 2000. Effect of the anti bloat agent poloxalene on n-alkane concentration in cattle faeces. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science (BSAS) Annual Meeting, Scarborough, UK, 20-22 March 2000. BSAS. pp. 60

Graze: a program to analyse recordings of the jaw movements of ruminants.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M. 2000. Graze: a program to analyse recordings of the jaw movements of ruminants. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers. 32 (1), pp. 86-92.

Cows could prove a scientific theory

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Cows could prove a scientific theory. Western Morning News (Devon). (7 August), p. 21.

Researchers in the dark on cattle habits

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Researchers in the dark on cattle habits. Farming News. (30 July / 3 August), p. 1.

Recording ruminant grazing behaviour

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Recording ruminant grazing behaviour. Livestock Monitoring Conference, Silsoe, Bedford, 10-11 November 1999.

Developments in the use of microcomputer-based mathods for the automatic recording of grazing behaviour

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Developments in the use of microcomputer-based mathods for the automatic recording of grazing behaviour. Dove, H. and Coleman, S. W. (ed.) Nutritional Ecology of Herbivores Satellite Symposium on Emerging Techniques for Studying the Nutrition of Free Ranging Herbivores, San Antonio, Texas, 10-11 April 1999. pp. 10pp

Eclipse tests grazing theory

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Eclipse tests grazing theory. Scottish Farmer. (14 August), p. 15.

Best grow grass and clover alone

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Rutter, S. M. 1999. Best grow grass and clover alone. Farmers Weekly. 130 (12 March 1999), p. S4.

Long-term dietary preference for grass and clover in dairy cows

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M., Orr, R. J., Yarrow, N. H., Champion, R. A., Atkinson, L. D. and Cook, J. E. 1999. Long-term dietary preference for grass and clover in dairy cows. Fifth International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 11-16 April 1999.

The effect of journey structure on the welfare of lambs

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Murray, K. C., Eddison, K. C., Cullinane, S. L., Kirk, J. A., Rutter, S. M. and Champion, R. A. 1998. The effect of journey structure on the welfare of lambs. Veissier, I. and Boissy, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 32nd International Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE), Clermont-Ferrand, France, 21-25 July 1998.

Recent developments with the IGER behaviour recorder

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M. and Delagarde, R. 1998. Recent developments with the IGER behaviour recorder. Gibb, M. J. (ed.) Techniques for Investigating Intake and Ingestive Behaviour by Farm Animals, Proceedings of the Ninth European Intake Workshop, IGER North Wyke, UK, 18-20 November 1998. Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, IGER, Aberystwyth. pp. 31-34

Movement patterns of sheep and cattle within and between continuous short-term grazing bouts

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Harvey, A., Parsons, A. J., Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M. and Rook, A. J. 1998. Movement patterns of sheep and cattle within and between continuous short-term grazing bouts. Veissier, I. and Boissy, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 32nd International Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE), Clermont-Ferrand, France, 21-25 July 1998.

Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows under strip-grazing management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H., Atkinson, L. D. and Champion, R. A. 1998. Matching grass supply to grazing patterns for dairy cows under strip-grazing management. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Winter Meeting, Scarborough, UK, 23-25 March 1998. BSAS, Penicuik, UK. pp. 49

Graze: a program to analyse recordings of the jaw movements of ruminants

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M. 1998. Graze: a program to analyse recordings of the jaw movements of ruminants. Measuring Behaviour 98, Second International Conference on Restoration Ecology, Groningen University, the Netherlands, 18-21 August 1998.

Graze user's guide - a program for analysing recordings of foraging behaviour in ruminants

J - Computer programs

Rutter, S. M. 1998. Graze user's guide - a program for analysing recordings of foraging behaviour in ruminants. Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research IGER, North Wyke Okehampton.

Effects of abomasal fat infusion on splanchnic metabolism and feeding behaviour in lactating dairy cows

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Benson, J. A., Reynolds, C. K., Humphries, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Rutter, S. M. 1998. Effects of abomasal fat infusion on splanchnic metabolism and feeding behaviour in lactating dairy cows. Abstracts of the Joint Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of Animal Science, Denver, Colorado, USA, 28-31 July 1998.

Dietary preference of dairy cows grazing grass and clover

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M., Orr, R. J., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H., Champion, R. A. and Atkinson, L. D. 1998. Dietary preference of dairy cows grazing grass and clover. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Winter Meeting, Scarborough, UK, 23-25 March 1998. BSAS, Penicuik, UK. pp. 51

Costs of locomotive and ingestive behaviour by sheep grazing grass or clover monocultures or mixtures of the two species

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M., Orr, R. J. and Penning, P. D. 1998. Costs of locomotive and ingestive behaviour by sheep grazing grass or clover monocultures or mixtures of the two species. Veissier, I. and Boissy, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the 32nd International Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE), Clermont-Ferrand, France, 21-25 July 1998.

Use of GPS to identify the grazing areas of hill sheep

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M., Beresford, N. A. and Roberts, G. 1997. Use of GPS to identify the grazing areas of hill sheep. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 17, pp. 177-188.

Sward state and ingestive behaviour by Friesian dairy heifers under rotational grazing

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H. and Champion, R. A. 1997. Sward state and ingestive behaviour by Friesian dairy heifers under rotational grazing. British Grassland Society (BGS) Fifth Research Conference, Seale Hayne Faculty of Agriculture Food & Land Use, University of Plymouth, Newton Abbot, Devon, 8-10 September 1997. British Grassland Society (BGS) Hurley. pp. 51-52

Rates of passage of digesta in sheep grazing grass or white clover

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Kelly, C. L., Penning, P. D., Orr, R. J. and Champion, R. A. 1997. Rates of passage of digesta in sheep grazing grass or white clover. British Grassland Society (BGS) Fifth Research Conference, Seale Hayne Faculty of Agriculture Food & Land Use, University of Plymouth, Newton Abbot, Devon, 8-10 September 1997. British Grassland Society (BGS) Hurley. pp. 181-182

Limitations of palatability as a concept in food intake and diet selection studies

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Rook, A. J., Penning, P. D. and Rutter, S. M. 1997. Limitations of palatability as a concept in food intake and diet selection studies. in: Forbes, J. M., Lawrence, T. L. J., Godway, R. G. and Varley, M. A. (ed.) Animal Choices, British Society of Animal Science Occasional Publication No 20 BSAS, Edinburgh. pp. 75-76

Effects of abomasal fat infusion on dry matter intake, milk production and splanchnic metabolism in dairy cows at two stages of lactation

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Benson, J. A., Reynolds, C. K., Humphries, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Rutter, S. M. 1997. Effects of abomasal fat infusion on dry matter intake, milk production and splanchnic metabolism in dairy cows at two stages of lactation. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science Winter Meeting, Scarborough, UK, 24-26 March 1997. BSAS. pp. 21

Diurnal patterns of intake rate by sheep grazing monocultures of ryegrass or white clover

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Orr, R. J., Penning, P. D., Harvey, A. and Champion, R. A. 1997. Diurnal patterns of intake rate by sheep grazing monocultures of ryegrass or white clover. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 52, pp. 65-77.

Distinguishing bites and chews in recordings of the grazing jaw movements of cattle

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M. and Orr, R. J. 1997. Distinguishing bites and chews in recordings of the grazing jaw movements of cattle. British Grassland Society (BGS) Fifth Research Conference, Seale Hayne Faculty of Agriculture Food & Land Use, University of Plymouth, Newton Abbot, Devon, 8-10 September 1997. British Grassland Society (BGS) Hurley. pp. 171-172

Dietary preferences of domestic ruminants

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J., Harvey, A. and Orr, R. J. 1997. Dietary preferences of domestic ruminants. Forbes, J. M., Lawrence, T. L. J., Rodway, R. G. and Varley, M. A. (ed.) Animal Choices, British Society of Animal Science Occasional Publication No 20. BSAS, Edinburgh. pp. 96-97

An automatic system to monitor lying, standing and walking behaviour of grazing animals

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M. and Penning, P. D. 1997. An automatic system to monitor lying, standing and walking behaviour of grazing animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 54, pp. 291-305.

An algorithm for the automatic processing of recordings of foraging behaviour by cattle

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Rook, A. J., Orr, R. J., Gibb, M. J., Champion, R. A. and Huckle, C. A. 1997. An algorithm for the automatic processing of recordings of foraging behaviour by cattle. Hemsworth, P. and Spinka, M. (ed.) Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, Prague, Czech Republic, 13-16 August 1997. pp. 216

Oral behaviours in bovine spongiform encephalopathy

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Austin, A. R. and Rutter, S. M. 1996. Oral behaviours in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. XIXth World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, 9-12 July 1996.

Foraging behaviour of free ranging domestic ruminants

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J., Harvey, A. and Orr, R. J. 1996. Foraging behaviour of free ranging domestic ruminants. Mini-symposium on diet selection in animals and man, Grassmere, Cumbria, 1-4 July 1996.

Assessing the welfare of intensive and extensive livestock

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M. 1996. Assessing the welfare of intensive and extensive livestock. O'Riordan, E. (ed.) Extensification of beef and sheep production on grassland. Proceedings of Pasture Ecology and Animal Intake Groups Joint Meeting, St Patrick's College, Drumcondra, Dublin, Ireland, 24-25 September 1996 (EU Concerted Action Report AIR3-CT93-0974).

Why can't dairy heifers graze clover quicker than grass?

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Champion, R. A. and Orr, R. J. 1996. Why can't dairy heifers graze clover quicker than grass? Duncan, I. J. H., Widowski, T. M. and Haley, D. B. (ed.) Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the International Society of Applied Ethology (ISAE), Col K L Campbell Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 14-17 August 1996. University of Guelph, Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare. pp. 134

Techniques to measure behaviour automatically in grazing herbivores

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Penning, P. D., Rutter, S. M. and Champion, R. A. 1996. Techniques to measure behaviour automatically in grazing herbivores. Measuring Behaviour '96, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 16-18 October 1996. pp. 76

Limitations of palatability as a concept in feed intake and diet selection studies

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rook, A. J., Rutter, S. M. and Penning, P. D. 1996. Limitations of palatability as a concept in feed intake and diet selection studies. Animal Choices, Joint Symposium by BSAS/PRSCA/ISAE, Leeds, 18-20 September 1996.

How cows graze

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Gibb, M. J. and Rutter, S. M. 1996. How cows graze. Young, Stephen (ed.) IGER Annual Report 1995/96. Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, IGER, Aberystwyth. pp. 62

Grazing behaviour and herbage intake rate by Friesian dairy heifers grazing ryegrass or white clover

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Orr, R. J., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Yarrow, N. H. and Champion, R. A. 1996. Grazing behaviour and herbage intake rate by Friesian dairy heifers grazing ryegrass or white clover. in: Younie, D. (ed.) Legumes in Sustainable Farming Systems, British Grassland Society Occasional Symposium No 30 (Proceedings of joint conference of BGS and SFS Initiative, SAC, Craibstone, Aberdeen, 2-4 September 1996) British Grassland Society (BGS) Hurley. pp. 221-224

Data logging apparatus for UK livestock

H2 - Patents applied for

Rutter, S. M. and Penning, P. D. 1996. Data logging apparatus for UK livestock.

Automatic recording of various aspects of foraging behaviour

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M., Champion, R. A. and Penning, P. D. 1996. Automatic recording of various aspects of foraging behaviour. Fourth International Symposium on Nutrition of Herbivores - Satellite on Ruminant Use of Fodder Resources in Warm Countries, 7-9 September 1995, Montpellier, France.

A system to record automatically foraging behaviour in free-ranging herbivores

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Champion, R. A. and Penning, P. D. 1996. A system to record automatically foraging behaviour in free-ranging herbivores. Measuring Behaviour '96, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 16-18 October 1996. pp. 88

To what extent can animal welfare be measured?

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Rutter, S. M. 1995. To what extent can animal welfare be measured? in: Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, Exeter, UK, 3-5 August 1995 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. pp. 57-58

Intake and behaviour responses by sheep, in different physiological states, when grazing monocultures of grass or white clover

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J., Orr, R. J., Harvey, A. and Champion, R. A. 1995. Intake and behaviour responses by sheep, in different physiological states, when grazing monocultures of grass or white clover. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 45, pp. 63-78.

Herbage intake and N excretion by sheep grazing monocultures or a mixture of grass and white clover

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Orr, R. J., Penning, P. D., Parsons, A. J. and Champion, R. A. 1995. Herbage intake and N excretion by sheep grazing monocultures or a mixture of grass and white clover. Grass and Forage Science. 50 (1), pp. 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02291.x

A low-power postprocessed DGPS system for logging the locations of sheep on hill pastures

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Roberts, G., Williams, A., Last, J. D., Penning, P. D. and Rutter, S. M. 1995. A low-power postprocessed DGPS system for logging the locations of sheep on hill pastures. Journal of the Institute of Navigation. 2, pp. 327-336.

Use of satellite tracking system to record the foraging behaviour of hill sheep

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Beresford, N. A. and Roberts, G. 1994. Use of satellite tracking system to record the foraging behaviour of hill sheep. International Society for Applied Ethology - International Congress, 3-6 August 1994, Foulum, Denmark. pp. 171

Temporal variation in grazing behaviour of sheep and the reliability of sampling periods

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D. and Rook, A. J. 1994. Temporal variation in grazing behaviour of sheep and the reliability of sampling periods. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 42, pp. 99-108.

Identification of grazing areas which may influence radiocaesium levels in West Cumbrian sheep

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M. 1994. Identification of grazing areas which may influence radiocaesium levels in West Cumbrian sheep. MAFF Radiation Research Project Seminar, London, February 1994.

Identification of grazing habits/areas which may influence radiocaesium levels in West Cumbrian sheep

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Rutter, S. M. and Beresford, N. A. 1994. Identification of grazing habits/areas which may influence radiocaesium levels in West Cumbrian sheep.

Diurnal patterns of ingestive behaviour by sheep

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Orr, R. J., Harvey, A. and Champion, R. A. 1994. Diurnal patterns of ingestive behaviour by sheep. Fourth British Grassland Society (BGS) Research Conference, 26-28 September 1994, Reading University.

A solid state grazing behaviour recording system

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Champion, R. A., Rutter, S. M. and Penning, P. D. 1994. A solid state grazing behaviour recording system. Fourth British Grassland Society (BGS) Research Conference, 26-28 September 1994, Reading University.

Recent developments in the automatic recording of grazing behaviour in free ranging ruminants

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Champion, R. A. and Roberts, G. 1993. Recent developments in the automatic recording of grazing behaviour in free ranging ruminants. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Applied Ethology, July 1993, Berlin, Germany. Humboldt University, Berlin. pp. 594-596

Factors controlling meal length and herbage intake rate by grazing sheep

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Penning, P. D., Orr, R. J., Parsons, A. J. and Rutter, S. M. 1993. Factors controlling meal length and herbage intake rate by grazing sheep. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Applied Ethology, July 1993, Berlin, Germany. Humboldt University, Berlin. pp. 498-500

Aversiveness of mechanical conveying to laying hens

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M., Scott, G. B. and Morgan, P. 1993. Aversiveness of mechanical conveying to laying hens. British Poultry Science. 34, pp. 279-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669308417584

Aversion of domestic fowl to whole-body vibratory motion

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Rutter, S. M. and Randall, J. M. 1993. Aversion of domestic fowl to whole-body vibratory motion. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 37, pp. 69-73.

Automatic recording of grazing behaviour in ruminants

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Rutter, S. M., Penning, P. D., Champion, R. A. and Roberts, G. 1993. Automatic recording of grazing behaviour in ruminants. Society of Chemical Industry - Sensing and Control Aspects of Spatially Variable Field Operations, November 1993, London.

Assessment of hunger in growing broiler breeders in relation to a commercial restricted feeding programme

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Savory, C. J., Maros, K. and Rutter, S. M. 1993. Assessment of hunger in growing broiler breeders in relation to a commercial restricted feeding programme. Animal Welfare. 2, pp. 131-152.

A low-power portable post-processed DGPS package for precise position-logging of sheep on hill pastures

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Roberts, G., Williams, A., Last, J. D., Penning, P. D. and Rutter, S. M. 1993. A low-power portable post-processed DGPS package for precise position-logging of sheep on hill pastures. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation GPS-93, 22-24 September 1993, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA (Session 5D).

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