Potential contribution of ploughed grassland to nitrate leaching

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Bradbury, N. J. and Johnson, P. A. 1992. Potential contribution of ploughed grassland to nitrate leaching. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 39 (3-4), pp. 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90056-H

Authors	Whitmore, A. P., Bradbury, N. J. and Johnson, P. A.
Year of Publication	1992
Journal	Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Journal citation	39 (3-4), pp. 221-233
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(92)90056-H
Open access	Published as non-open access
Funder	Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
Funder project or code	920
	220
	Project: 031283

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Absence of a home‑field advantage within a short‑rotation arable cropping system

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Mortimer, S., Shu, X. and Sizmur, T. 2022. Absence of a home‑field advantage within a short‑rotation arable cropping system. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05419-z

Exploring the effects of land management change on productivity, carbon and nutrient balance: Application of an Ensemble Modelling Approach to the upper River Taw observatory, UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hassall, K. L., Coleman, K., Dixit, P., Granger, S. J., Zhang, Y., Sharp, R., Wu, L., Whitmore, A. P., Richter, G. M., Collins, A. L. and Milne, A. E. 2022. Exploring the effects of land management change on productivity, carbon and nutrient balance: Application of an Ensemble Modelling Approach to the upper River Taw observatory, UK. Science of the Total Environment. 824, p. 153824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153824

Simulating cropping sequences using earth observation data

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Sharp, R. T., Henrys, P. A., Jarvis, S. G., Whitmore, A. P., Milne, A. E., Coleman, K., Mohankumar, S. E. P. and Metcalfe, H. 2021. Simulating cropping sequences using earth observation data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 188, p. 106330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106330

Long term simulations of macronutrients (C, N and P) in UK freshwaters

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bell, V. A., Naden, P. S., Tipping, E., Davies, H. N., Carnell, E., Davies, J. A. C., Dore, A. J., Dragosits, U., Lapworth, D. J., Muhammed, S. E., Quninton, J. N., Stuart, M., Tomilinson, S., Wang, L., Whitmore, A. P. and Wu, L. 2021. Long term simulations of macronutrients (C, N and P) in UK freshwaters. Science of the Total Environment. 776, p. 145813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145813

Local impacts of climate change on winter wheat in Great Britain

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Putelat, T., Whitmore, A. P., Senapati, N. and Semenov, M. A. 2021. Local impacts of climate change on winter wheat in Great Britain. Royal Society Open Science. 8 (6), p. 201669. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201669

The potential for soybean to diversify the production of plant-based protein in the UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Coleman, K., Whitmore, A. P., Hassall, K. L., Shield, I. F., Semenov, M. A., Dobermann, A., Bourhis, Y., Eskandary, A. and Milne, A. E. 2021. The potential for soybean to diversify the production of plant-based protein in the UK. Science of the Total Environment. 767, p. 144903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144903

Obtaining more benefits from crop residues as soil amendments by application as chemically heterogeneous mixtures

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Struijk, M., Whitmore, A. P., Mortimer, S. R. and Sizmur, T. 2020. Obtaining more benefits from crop residues as soil amendments by application as chemically heterogeneous mixtures. Soil. 6 (2), p. 467–481. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-467-2020

Optimizing multifunctional agroecosystems in irrigated dryland agriculture to restore soil carbon – experiments and model

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Giongo, V., Coleman, K., Da Silva Santanac, M., Monteiro Salviano, A., Olszveskid, N., Whitmore, A. P. and Richter, G. M. 2020. Optimizing multifunctional agroecosystems in irrigated dryland agriculture to restore soil carbon – experiments and model. Science of the Total Environment. p. 138072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138072

Model-based optimisation of agricultural profitability and nutrient management: a practical approach for dealing with issues of scale

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Milne, A. E., Coleman, K., Todman, L. C. and Whitmore, A. P. 2020. Model-based optimisation of agricultural profitability and nutrient management: a practical approach for dealing with issues of scale. Environmental Monitoring And Assessment. 192, p. 730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08699-z

The Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Yield and Soil and Crop Nutrient Concentrations

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Thomas, C. L., Acquah, G., Whitmore, A. P., McGrath, S. P. and Haefele, S. M. 2019. The Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Yield and Soil and Crop Nutrient Concentrations. Agronomy. 9 (12), p. 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120776

Multi-objective optimization as a tool to identify possibilities for future agricultural landscapes

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Todman, L. C., Coleman, K., Milne, A. E., Gil, J. D. B., Reidsma, P., Schwoob, M-H., Treyer, S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2019. Multi-objective optimization as a tool to identify possibilities for future agricultural landscapes. Science of the Total Environment. 687 (15 October), pp. 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.070

Exploring future food provision scenarios for China

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Ma, L., Bai, Z., Ma, M., Guo, M., Jiang, R., Liu, J., Oenema, O., Velthof, G. L., Whitmore, A. P., Crawford, J. W., Dobermann, A., Schwoob, M. and Zhang, F. 2019. Exploring future food provision scenarios for China. Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (3), pp. 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04375

Facilitating the elicitation of beliefs for use in Bayesian Belief modelling

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hassall, K. L., Dailey, A. G., Zawadzka, J., Milne, A. E., Harris, J. A., Corstanje, R. and Whitmore, A. P. 2019. Facilitating the elicitation of beliefs for use in Bayesian Belief modelling. Environmental Modelling and Software. 122, p. 104539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104539

Accounting for data sparsity when forming spatially coherent zones

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hassall, K. L., Whitmore, A. P. and Milne, A. E. 2019. Accounting for data sparsity when forming spatially coherent zones. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 72 (August), pp. 537-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2019.03.030

Sustainable Development Goal 2: improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Juliana Dias Bernandes Gil, Pytrik Reidsma, Ken Giller, Lindsay Todman, Whitmore, A. P. and Martin van Ittersum 2019. Sustainable Development Goal 2: improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security . AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. 48 (7), pp. 685-698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1101-4

Soil bulk density impacts on root water potential and ABA export in drying soil

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Donaldson, S., Dodd, I. C. and Whitmore, A. P. 2018. Soil bulk density impacts on root water potential and ABA export in drying soil. Acta Horticulturae. 1197 (1197), pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1197.3

Nitrogen fertiliser replacement values for organic amendments appear to increase with N application rates

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hijbeek, R., Ten Berge, H. F. M., Whitmore, A. P., Barkusky, D., Schröder, J. J. and Van Ittersum, M. K. 2018. Nitrogen fertiliser replacement values for organic amendments appear to increase with N application rates. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 110 (1), pp. 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9875-5

Evidence for functional state transitions in intensively-managed soil ecosystems

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Todman, L. C., Fraser, F. C., Corstanje, R., Harris, J. A., Pawlett, M., Ritz, K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2018. Evidence for functional state transitions in intensively-managed soil ecosystems. Scientific Reports. 8 (11522). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29925-2

The environmental costs and benefits of high-yield farming

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Balmford, A., Amano, T., Bartlett, H., Chadwick, D., Collins, A. L., Edwards, D., Field, R., Garnsworthy, P., Green, R., Smith, P., Waters, H., Whitmore, A. P., Broom, D. M., Chara, J., Finch, T., Garnett, E., Gathorne-Hardy, A., Hernandez-Medrano, J., Herrero, M., Hua, F., Latawiec, A., Misselbrook, T. H., Phalan, B., Simmons I. B., Takahashi, T., Vause, J., Ermgassen, E. Z. and Eisner, R. 2018. The environmental costs and benefits of high-yield farming. Nature Sustainability. 1, pp. 477-285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0138-5

Impact of two centuries of intensive agriculture on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Muhammed, S. E., Coleman, K., Wu, L., Bell, V. A., Davies, J. A. C., Carnell, E. J., Tomlinson, S. J., Dore, A. J., Dragosits, U., Naden, P. S., Glendining, M. J., Whitmore, A. P. and Tipping, E. 2018. Impact of two centuries of intensive agriculture on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the UK. Science of the Total Environment. 634 (1 September), pp. 1486-1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.378

Milled cereal straw accelerates earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) growth more than selected organic amendments Corrigendum

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Sizmur, T., Martin, E., Wagner, K., Parmentier, E., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2017. Milled cereal straw accelerates earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) growth more than selected organic amendments Corrigendum. Applied Soil Ecology. 113, pp. 166-177.

Improvement of soil structure and crop yield by adding organic matter to soil (AHDB Project Report No.576)

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Whitmore, A. P., Watts, C. W., Stroud, J. L., Sizmur, T., Ebrahim, S. M., Pawlett, M., Harris, J., Ritz, K., Wallace, P., White, E., Stobart, R., McKenzie, B. and Thallon, G. 2017. Improvement of soil structure and crop yield by adding organic matter to soil (AHDB Project Report No.576). Stoneleigh Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board.

The landscape model: A model for exploring trade-offs between agricultural production and the environment

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Coleman, K., Muhammed, S. E., Milne, A. E., Todman, L. C., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 2017. The landscape model: A model for exploring trade-offs between agricultural production and the environment. Science of the Total Environment. 609 (Supplement C), pp. 1483-1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.193

Assessing sampling designs for determining fertilizer practice from yield data

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Muhammed, S. E., Marchant, B. P., Webster, R., Whitmore, A. P., Dailey, A. G. and Milne, A. E. 2017. Assessing sampling designs for determining fertilizer practice from yield data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 135 (1 April), pp. 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.02.002

Milled cereal straw accelerates earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) growth more than selected organic amendments

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Sizmur, T., Martin, E., Wagner, K., Parmentier, E., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2017. Milled cereal straw accelerates earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) growth more than selected organic amendments. Applied Soil Ecology. 113 (May), pp. 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.12.006

Cover cropping with oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus) alone does not enhance deep burrowing earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) midden counts

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Stroud, J. L., Irons, D. E., Watts, C. W., Storkey, J., Morris, N. L., Stobart, R. M., Fielding, H. A. and Whitmore, A. P. 2017. Cover cropping with oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus) alone does not enhance deep burrowing earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) midden counts. Soil & Tillage Research. 165 (January), pp. 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2016.07.013

Lumbricus terrestris middens are biological and chemical hotspots in a minimum tillage arable ecosystem

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Stroud, J. L., Irons, D. E., Carter, J. E., Watts, C. W., Murray, P. J., Norris, S. L. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. Lumbricus terrestris middens are biological and chemical hotspots in a minimum tillage arable ecosystem. Applied Soil Ecology. 105, pp. 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.03.019

Lumbricus terrestris abundance is not enhanced after three years of compost amendments on a reduced tillage wheat cultivation conversion

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Stroud, J. L., Irons, D., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. Lumbricus terrestris abundance is not enhanced after three years of compost amendments on a reduced tillage wheat cultivation conversion. Applied Soil Ecology. 98, pp. 282-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.10.007

Distinct respiratory responses of soils to complex organic substrate are governed predominantly by soil architecture and its microbial community

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fraser, F. C., Todman, L. C., Corstanje, R., Deeks, L. K., Harris, J. A., Pawlett, M., Whitmore, A. P. and Ritz, K. 2016. Distinct respiratory responses of soils to complex organic substrate are governed predominantly by soil architecture and its microbial community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 103, pp. 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.09.015

On the origin of carbon dioxide released from rewetted soils

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fraser, F. C., Corstanje, R., Deeks, L. K., Harris, J. A., Pawlett, M., Todman, L. C., Whitmore, A. P. and Ritz, K. 2016. On the origin of carbon dioxide released from rewetted soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 101, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.06.032

150 years of macronutrient change in unfertilized UK ecosystems: Observations vs simulations

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Davies, J. A. C., Tipping, E. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. 150 years of macronutrient change in unfertilized UK ecosystems: Observations vs simulations. Science of the Total Environment. 572 (1), pp. 1485-1495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.055

Population collapse of Lumbricus terrestris in conventional arable cultivations and response to straw applications

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Stroud, J. L., Irons, D. E., Watts, C. W., White, R. P., McGrath, S. P. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. Population collapse of Lumbricus terrestris in conventional arable cultivations and response to straw applications. Applied Soil Ecology. 108 (December), pp. 72-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.08.002

The unique contribution of Rothamsted to ecological research at large temporal scales

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Storkey, J., Macdonald, A. J., Bell, J. R., Clark, I. M., Gregory, A. S., Hawkins, N. J., Hirsch, P. R., Todman, L. C. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. The unique contribution of Rothamsted to ecological research at large temporal scales. in: Dumbrell, A. J., Kordas, R. L. and Woodward, G. (ed.) Advances in Ecological Research 55: Large-Scale Ecology: Model Systems to Global Perspectives Academic Press, Oxford. pp. 3-42

Defining and quantifying the resilience of responses to disturbance: a conceptual and modelling approach from soil science

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Todman, L. C., Fraser, F. C., Corstanje, R., Deeks, L. K., Harris, J. A., Pawlett, M., Ritz, K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. Defining and quantifying the resilience of responses to disturbance: a conceptual and modelling approach from soil science. Scientific Reports. 6, p. 28426. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28426

The North Wyke Farm Platform: effect of temperate grassland farming systems on soil moisture contents, runoff and associated water quality dynamics

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Orr, R. J., Murray, P. J., Eyles, C. J., Blackwell, M. S. A., Cardenas, L. M., Collins, A. L., Dungait, J. A. J., Goulding, K. W. T., Griffith, B. A., Gurr, S. J., Harris, P., Hawkins, J. M. B., Misselbrook, T. H., Rawlings, C. J., Shepherd, A., Sint, H. M., Takahashi, T., Tozer, K. N., Whitmore, A. P., Wu, L. and Lee, M. R. F. 2016. The North Wyke Farm Platform: effect of temperate grassland farming systems on soil moisture contents, runoff and associated water quality dynamics. European Journal of Soil Science. 67 (4), pp. 374-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12350

Long-term management changes in topsoil and subsoil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a temperate agricultural system

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Dungait, J. A. J., Watts, C. W., Bol, R., Dixon, E. R., White, R. P. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. Long-term management changes in topsoil and subsoil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a temperate agricultural system. European Journal of Soil Science. 67 (4), pp. 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12359

The effect of farmers' decisions on pest control with Bt crops: a billion dollar game of strategy

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Milne, A. E., Bell, J. R., Hutchison, W. D., Van Den Bosch, F., Mitchell, P. D., Crowder, D., Parnell, S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2015. The effect of farmers' decisions on pest control with Bt crops: a billion dollar game of strategy. PLOS Computational Biology. 11, p. e1004483. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004483

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised UK arable soils: fluxes, emission factors and mitigation

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bell, M. J., Hinton, N., Cloy, J. M., Topp, C. F. E., Rees, R. M., Cardenas, L. M., Scott, T., Webster, C. P., Ashton, R. W., Whitmore, A. P., Williams, J. R., Balshaw, H., Paine, F., Goulding, K. W. T. and Chadwick, D. R. 2015. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised UK arable soils: fluxes, emission factors and mitigation. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 212, pp. 134-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.07.003

Modelling the impact of environmental changes on grassland systems with SPACSYS

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Wu, L., Whitmore, A. P. and Bellocchi, G. 2015. Modelling the impact of environmental changes on grassland systems with SPACSYS. Proceedings of the MACSUR International Livestock Modelling and Research Colloquium . Cambridge University Press (CUP) Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040470014000508

Technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Kirk, G. J. D. and Rawlins, B. G. 2015. Technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. Soil Use and Management. 31 (Suppl. 1), pp. 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12115

Probing the basis of soil resilience

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Corstanje, R., Deeks, L. R., Whitmore, A. P., Gregory, A. S. and Ritz, K. 2015. Probing the basis of soil resilience. Soil Use and Management. 31 (Suppl. 1), pp. 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12107

A review of the impacts of degradation threats on soil properties in the UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Ritz, K., McGrath, S. P., Quinton, J. N., Goulding, K. W. T., Jones, R. J. A., Harris, J. A., Bol, R., Wallace, P., Pilgrim, E. S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2015. A review of the impacts of degradation threats on soil properties in the UK. Soil Use and Management. 31 (S1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12212

Communicating the uncertainty in estimated greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Milne, A. E., Glendining, M. J., Lark, R. M., Perryman, S. A. M., Gordon, T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2015. Communicating the uncertainty in estimated greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Journal of Environmental Management. 160, pp. 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.05.034

Simulation of nitrous oxide emissions at field scale using the SPACSYS model

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Wu, L., Rees, R. M., Tarsitano, D., Zhang, X., Jones, S. K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2015. Simulation of nitrous oxide emissions at field scale using the SPACSYS model. Science of the Total Environment. 530-531, pp. 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.064

Exploiting yield maps and soil management zones

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Muhammed, S. E., Milne, A. E., Marchant, B. P., Griffin, S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2014. Exploiting yield maps and soil management zones. Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society. 22, p. poster.

The North Wyke Farm Platform, a national capability for research into sustainability of temperate agricultural grassland management: data and modelling opportunities

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Harris, P., Griffith, B. A., Shepherd, A., Peukert, S., Hawkins, J. M. B., Elyes, C., Whitmore, A. P., Blackwell, M. S. A., Brazier, R. E., Cardenas, L. M., Wu, L., Dungait, J. A. J., Collins, A. L., Gurr, S. J., Murray, P. J., Goulding, K. W. T. and Orr, R. J. 2014. The North Wyke Farm Platform, a national capability for research into sustainability of temperate agricultural grassland management: data and modelling opportunities. Abstracts Tereno International Conference: from Observation to Prediction in Terrestrial Systems, Bonn, 29 September-2 October 2014 . pp. P2-07

Exploiting yield maps and soil management zones

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Milne, A. E., Marchant, B. P., Whitmore, A. P. and Muhammed, S. E. 2014. Exploiting yield maps and soil management zones. Landmark. 19, pp. 3-4.

Does organic management lead to enhanced soil physical quality?

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N. R. A., Whitmore, A. P. and Mooney, S. J. 2014. Does organic management lead to enhanced soil physical quality? Geoderma. 213, pp. 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.033

Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised UK arable soils: quantification and mitigation

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bell, M., Winning, M., Cloy, J., Rees, B., Cardenas, L. M., Donovan, N., Scott, T., Webster, C. P., Whitmore, A. P., Williams, J., Balshaw, H., Paine, F. and Chadwick, D. R. 2014. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised UK arable soils: quantification and mitigation. Cordovil, C. M. d. S. (ed.) Abstracts 18th Nitrogen Workshop, Lisbon, 30 June- 3 July 2014 . pp. 375-376

Analysis of uncertainties in the estimates of nitrous oxide and methane emissions in the UK's greenhouse gas inventory for agriculture

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Milne, A. E., Glendining, M. J., Bellamy, P., Misselbrook, T. H., Gilhespy, S. L., Rivas Casado, M., Hulin, A., Van Oijen, M. and Whitmore, A. P. 2014. Analysis of uncertainties in the estimates of nitrous oxide and methane emissions in the UK's greenhouse gas inventory for agriculture. Atmospheric Environment. 82, pp. 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.012

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Kirk, G. J. D., Keay, C. A., Rawlins, B. G., Wallace, P. and Whitmore, A. P. 2014. An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales. Soil Use and Management. 30 (1), pp. 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12085

Using SPACSYS to analyse the interaction between plant and environment in a systems approach

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Wu, L. and Whitmore, A. P. 2013. Using SPACSYS to analyse the interaction between plant and environment in a systems approach. Abstracts Workshop on Exploring New Ideas for Trade and Agriculture Model Integration for Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security, Haifa, 3-5 March 2013 .

Modelling the path to better soil applied pesticides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Sweeney, P., Travis, K., Whalley, W. R., Whitmore, A. P., Dailey, A. G., Wu, L., Van Beinum, W. and Brown, C. 2013. Modelling the path to better soil applied pesticides. Abstracts Conference on Pesticide Behaviour in Soils, Water and Air, York, 2-4 September 2013 .

What do we need to know to enhance the environmental sustainability of agricultural production? A prioritisation of knowledge needs for the UK food system

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Dicks, L. V., Bardgett, R. D., Bell, J., Benton, T. G., Booth, A., Bouwman, J., Brown, C., Bruce, A., Burgess, P. J., Butler, S. J., Crute, I. R., Dixon, F., Drummond, C., Freckleton, R. P., Gill, M., Graham, A., Hails, R. S., Hallett, J., Hart, B., Hillier, J., Holland, J. M., Huxley, J., Ingram, J. S. I., King, V., MacMillan, T., Mcgonigle, D. F., McQuaid, C. F., Nevard, T., Norman, S., Norris, K., Pazderka, C., Poonaji, I., Quinn, C. H., Ramsden, S. J., Sinclair, D., Siriwardena, G. M., Vickery, J. A., Whitmore, A. P., Wolmer, W. and Sutherland, W. J. 2013. What do we need to know to enhance the environmental sustainability of agricultural production? A prioritisation of knowledge needs for the UK food system. Sustainability. 5 (7), pp. 3095-3115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5073095

Modification of the RothC model for simulations of soil organic C dynamics in dryland regions

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Farina, R., Coleman, K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2013. Modification of the RothC model for simulations of soil organic C dynamics in dryland regions. Geoderma. 200-201, pp. 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.01.021

Nutrient management in support of environmental and agricultural sustainability

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Goulding, K. W. T., Glendining, M. J., Dailey, A. G., Coleman, K. and Powlson, D. S. 2012. Nutrient management in support of environmental and agricultural sustainability. Sustainability. 4 (10), pp. 2513-2524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4102513

Carbon sequestration in soils - has the concept been over-sold?

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P. and Goulding, K. W. T. 2012. Carbon sequestration in soils - has the concept been over-sold? Abstracts BSSS Annual Meeting: Soil Science and Food Security, Loughborough, 4-5 September 2012 .

Root respiration of barley in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem: field and modelling approaches

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Morell, F. J., Whitmore, A. P., Alvaro-Fuentes, J., Lampurlanes, J. and Cantero-Martinez, C. 2012. Root respiration of barley in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem: field and modelling approaches. Plant and Soil. 351, pp. 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0938-0

Spatially explicit modelling of changes in soil organic C in agricultural soils in Italy, 2001-2010: potential for compost amendment

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Mondini, C., Coleman, K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. Spatially explicit modelling of changes in soil organic C in agricultural soils in Italy, 2001-2010: potential for compost amendment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 153, pp. 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.020

Commentary: Developing sustainable farming systems by valuing ecosystem services

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goulding, K. W. T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. Commentary: Developing sustainable farming systems by valuing ecosystem services. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 10, pp. 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.652378

Changes in soil organic carbon and climate change - Application of the RothC model in agro-silvo-pastoral Mediterranean systems

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Francaviglia, R., Coleman, K., Whitmore, A. P., Doro, L., Urracci, G., Rubino, M. and Ledda, L. 2012. Changes in soil organic carbon and climate change - Application of the RothC model in agro-silvo-pastoral Mediterranean systems. Agricultural Systems. 112, pp. 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.07.001

Advances in the understanding of nutrient dynamics and management in UK agriculture

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Dungait, J. A. J., Cardenas, L. M., Blackwell, M. S. A., Wu, L., Withers, P. J. A., Chadwick, D. R., Bol, R., Murray, P. J., Macdonald, A. J., Whitmore, A. P. and Goulding, K. W. T. 2012. Advances in the understanding of nutrient dynamics and management in UK agriculture. Science of the Total Environment. 434 (15 September), pp. 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.029

The effect of agricultural land use on the nature and dynamics of subsoil

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Gregory, A. S., Dungait, J. A. J., Dixon, E. R., Bol, R. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. The effect of agricultural land use on the nature and dynamics of subsoil. Abstracts 4th International Congress Eurosoil, Bari, 2-6 July 2012 . pp. 387

Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. Global Change Biology. 18 (6), pp. 1781-1796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x

Shortcomings in wheat yield predictions

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Semenov, M. A., Mitchell, R. A. C., Whitmore, A. P., Hawkesford, M. J., Parry, M. A. J. and Shewry, P. R. 2012. Shortcomings in wheat yield predictions. Nature Climate Change. 2, pp. 380-382. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1511

An assessment of a new model of dynamic fragmentation of soil with test data

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Bird, N. R. A., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. An assessment of a new model of dynamic fragmentation of soil with test data. Soil & Tillage Research. 120, pp. 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.11.007

The potential to increase soil carbon stocks through reduced tillage or organic material additions in England and Wales: a case study

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Bhogal, A., Chambers, B. J., Coleman, K., Macdonald, A. J., Goulding, K. W. T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2012. The potential to increase soil carbon stocks through reduced tillage or organic material additions in England and Wales: a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 146, pp. 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.004

A comparison of soil and water properties in organic and conventional farming systems in England

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hathaway-Jenkins, L. J., Sakrabani, R., Pearce, B., Whitmore, A. P. and Godwin, R. J. 2011. A comparison of soil and water properties in organic and conventional farming systems in England. Soil Use and Management. 27 (2), pp. 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00335.x

Review of the evidence base for the status and change of soil carbon below 15cm from the soil surface in England and Wales (Report on Sub-project 3 of DEFRA Project SP1106)

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Gregory, A. S., Whitmore, A. P., Kirk, G. J. D., Rawlins, B. G., Ritz, K. and Wallace, P. 2011. Review of the evidence base for the status and change of soil carbon below 15cm from the soil surface in England and Wales (Report on Sub-project 3 of DEFRA Project SP1106). Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).

Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Gregory, P. J., Whalley, W. R., Quinton, J. N., Hopkins, D. W., Whitmore, A. P., Hirsch, P. R. and Goulding, K. W. T. 2011. Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services. Food Policy. 36, pp. S72-S87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025

Soil organic matters

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Brookes, P. C., Whitmore, A. P., Goulding, K. W. T. and Hopkins, D. W. 2011. Soil organic matters. European Journal of Soil Science. 62 (1), pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01338.x

Estimating soil strength in the rooting zone of wheat

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Whalley, W. R., Bird, N. R. A., Watts, C. W. and Gregory, A. S. 2011. Estimating soil strength in the rooting zone of wheat. Plant and Soil. 339, pp. 363-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0588-7

Implications for soil properties of removing cereal straw: results from long-term studies

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Glendining, M. J., Coleman, K. and Whitmore, A. P. 2011. Implications for soil properties of removing cereal straw: results from long-term studies. Agronomy Journal. 103, pp. 279-287. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0146s

Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: a critical re-examination to identify the true and the false

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P. and Goulding, K. W. T. 2011. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change: a critical re-examination to identify the true and the false. European Journal of Soil Science. 62 (1), pp. 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x

Pedotransfer functions for estimating total soil nitrogen up to the global scale

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Glendining, M. J., Dailey, A. G., Powlson, D. S., Richter, G. M., Catt, J. A. and Whitmore, A. P. 2011. Pedotransfer functions for estimating total soil nitrogen up to the global scale. European Journal of Soil Science. 62 (1), pp. 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01336.x

Effects of recent and accumulated livestock manure carbon additions on soil fertility and quality

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bhogal, A., Nicholson, F. A., Young, I., Sturrock, C., Whitmore, A. P. and Chambers, B. J. 2011. Effects of recent and accumulated livestock manure carbon additions on soil fertility and quality. European Journal of Soil Science. 62 (1), pp. 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01319.x

Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSSE. II. Application

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Smith, J., Gottschalk, P., Bellarby, J., Chapman, S., Lilly, A., Towers, W., Bell, J., Coleman, K., Nayak, D., Richards, M., Hillier, J., Flynn, H., Wattenbach, M., Aitkenhead, M., Yeluripati, J., Farmer, J., Milne, R., Thomson, A., Evans, C., Whitmore, A. P., Falloon, P. and Smith, P. 2010. Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSSE. II. Application. Climate Research. 45, pp. 193-205. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00902

Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSSE. I. Model description and uncertainties

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Smith, J., Gottschalk, P., Bellarby, J., Chapman, S., Lilly, A., Towers, W., Bell, J., Coleman, K., Nayak, D., Richards, M., Hillier, J., Flynn, H., Wattenbach, M., Aitkenhead, M., Yeluripati, J., Farmer, J., Milne, R., Thomson, A., Evans, C., Whitmore, A. P., Falloon, P. and Smith, P. 2010. Estimating changes in Scottish soil carbon stocks using ECOSSE. I. Model description and uncertainties. Climate Research. 45, pp. 179-192. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00899

Soil carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change: distinguishing the genuine from the imaginary

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Powlson, D. S., Whitmore, A. P. and Goulding, K. W. T. 2010. Soil carbon sequestration for mitigating climate change: distinguishing the genuine from the imaginary. in: Hillel, D. and Rosenzweig, C. (ed.) Handbook of climate change and agroecosystems Imperial College Press, London. pp. 393-402

Efficiency of soil N use by arable crops

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Macdonald, A. J., Knight, S. M., Glendining, M. J., Whitmore, A. P., Dailey, A. G., Goulding, K. W. T., Sinclair, A. H. and Rees, R. M. 2009. Efficiency of soil N use by arable crops. Abstracts 16th Nitrogen Workshop, Turin, 28 June-1 July 2009 . pp. 233-234

Potential for soil carbon sequestration, but with a full greenhouse gas budget

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Goulding, K. W. T., Powlson, D. S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2009. Potential for soil carbon sequestration, but with a full greenhouse gas budget. Currie, L. D. and Lindsay, C. L. (ed.) Nutrient Management in a Rapidly Changing World: Proceedings 22nd Annual Workshop of the Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre Massey University, Palmerston North, 11-12 February 2009. . Fertilizer and Lime Research Centre, Massey University. pp. 7-15

Physical effects of soil drying on roots and crop growth

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. and Whalley, W. R. 2009. Physical effects of soil drying on roots and crop growth. Journal of Experimental Botany. 60, pp. 2845-2857. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp200

The effect of long-term soil management on the physical and biological resilience of a range of arable and grassland soils in England

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Watts, C. W., Griffiths, B. S., Hallett, P. D., Kuan, H. L. and Whitmore, A. P. 2009. The effect of long-term soil management on the physical and biological resilience of a range of arable and grassland soils in England. Geoderma. 153, pp. 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.002

Investigating the effects of organic and conventional management on soil aggregate stability using X-ray computed tomography

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N. R. A., Whitmore, A. P. and Mooney, S. J. 2009. Investigating the effects of organic and conventional management on soil aggregate stability using X-ray computed tomography. European Journal of Soil Science. 60 (3), pp. 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01126.x

Combining spatial resolutions in the multiscale analysis of soil pore-size distributions

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Papadopoulos, A., Whitmore, A. P., White, R. P., Mooney, S. J. and Bird, N. R. A. 2009. Combining spatial resolutions in the multiscale analysis of soil pore-size distributions. Vadose Zone Journal. 8, pp. 227-232. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0042

Modeling dynamic fragmentation of soil

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bird, N. R. A., Watts, C. W., Tarquis, A. M. and Whitmore, A. P. 2009. Modeling dynamic fragmentation of soil. Vadose Zone Journal. 8 (1), pp. 197-201. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2008.0046

Is it possible to increase the sustainability of arable and ruminant agriculture by reducing inputs?

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Glendining, M. J., Dailey, A. G., Williams, A. G., Van Evert, F. K., Goulding, K. W. T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2009. Is it possible to increase the sustainability of arable and ruminant agriculture by reducing inputs? Agricultural Systems. 99 (2-3), pp. 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.11.001

Factors affecting the recovery of available soil nitrogen by cereal and oilseed rape crops

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Knight, S. M., Macdonald, A. J., Glendining, M. J., Whitmore, A. P., Dailey, A. G., Goulding, K. W. T., Sinclair, A. H. and Rees, R. M. 2008. Factors affecting the recovery of available soil nitrogen by cereal and oilseed rape crops. Abstracts AAB Conference on Resource Capture by Crops: Integrated Resources, Nottingham, 10-12 September 2008 .

Discussion of: Schroder, J. J., Neeteson, J. J., 2008. Nutrient management regulations in The Netherlands (with Discussion)

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goulding, K. W. T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. Discussion of: Schroder, J. J., Neeteson, J. J., 2008. Nutrient management regulations in The Netherlands (with Discussion). Geoderma. 144, pp. 426-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.010

Better estimation of soil nitrogen use efficiency by cereals and oilseed rape (HGCA Research Review No. 68)

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Knight, S., Macdonald, A. J., Glendining, M. J., Whitmore, A. P., Dailey, A. G., Goulding, K. W. T., Sinclair, A. and Rees, B. 2008. Better estimation of soil nitrogen use efficiency by cereals and oilseed rape (HGCA Research Review No. 68). Home Grown Cereals Authority (HGCA) London.

Multiscale entropy-based analysis of soil transect data

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Tarquis, A. M., Bird, N. R. A., Whitmore, A. P., Cartagena, M. C. and Pachepsky, Y. 2008. Multiscale entropy-based analysis of soil transect data. Vadose Zone Journal. 7, pp. 563-569. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2007.0039

Fractal analysis of pore roughness in images of soil using the slit island method

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Papadopoulos, A., Bird, N. R. A., Mooney, S. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. Fractal analysis of pore roughness in images of soil using the slit island method. Vadose Zone Journal. 7, pp. 456-460. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2007.0017

Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Griffiths, B. S., Hallett, P. D., Kuan, H. L., Gregory, A. S., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. Functional resilience of soil microbial communities depends on both soil structure and microbial community composition. Biology And Fertility Of Soils. 44, pp. 745-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0257-z

The effect of soil strength on yield of wheat

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whalley, W. R., Watts, C. W., Gregory, A. S., Mooney, S. J., Clark, L. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. The effect of soil strength on yield of wheat. Plant and Soil. 306, pp. 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9577-5

Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: limitations and alternatives

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Powlson, D. S., Riche, A. B., Coleman, K., Glendining, M. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. Carbon sequestration in European soils through straw incorporation: limitations and alternatives. Waste Management. 28, pp. 741-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.024

Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goulding, K. W. T., Jarvis, S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2008. Optimizing nutrient management for farm systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 363, pp. 667-680. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2177

Physical resilience of soil to field compaction and the interactions with plant growth and microbial community structure

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Watts, C. W., Whalley, W. R., Kuan, H. L., Griffiths, B. S., Hallett, P. D. and Whitmore, A. P. 2007. Physical resilience of soil to field compaction and the interactions with plant growth and microbial community structure. European Journal of Soil Science. 58 (6), pp. 1221-1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2007.00956.x

Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from under field crops without loss of yield: a modelling study

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. and Schroder, J. J. 2007. Intercropping reduces nitrate leaching from under field crops without loss of yield: a modelling study. European Journal of Agronomy. 27, pp. 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.02.004

The biological and physical stability and resilience of a selection of Scottish soils to stresses

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Kuan, H. L., Hallett, P. D., Griffiths, B. S., Gregory, A. S., Watts, C. W. and Whitmore, A. P. 2007. The biological and physical stability and resilience of a selection of Scottish soils to stresses. European Journal of Soil Science. 58 (3), pp. 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00871.x

Determination of the mineralization of nitrogen from composted chicken manure as affected by temperature

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. 2007. Determination of the mineralization of nitrogen from composted chicken manure as affected by temperature. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 77, pp. 225-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-006-9059-1

Describing the transformation of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil using the MOTOR system

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. 2007. Describing the transformation of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil using the MOTOR system. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 55, pp. 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2006.11.005

Prediction of the penetrometer resistance of soils with models with few parameters

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whalley, W. R., To, J., Kay, B. D. and Whitmore, A. P. 2007. Prediction of the penetrometer resistance of soils with models with few parameters. Geoderma. 137, pp. 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.08.029

The role of clay, organic carbon and long-term management on mouldboard plough draught measured on the Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Watts, C. W., Clark, L. J., Poulton, P. R., Powlson, D. S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2006. The role of clay, organic carbon and long-term management on mouldboard plough draught measured on the Broadbalk wheat experiment at Rothamsted. Soil Use and Management. 22 (4), pp. 334-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00054.x

Using a process model and regression kriging to improve predictions of nitrous oxide emissions from soil

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Stacey, K. F., Lark, R. M., Whitmore, A. P. and Milne, A. E. 2006. Using a process model and regression kriging to improve predictions of nitrous oxide emissions from soil. Geoderma. 135, pp. 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.11.008

How far might medium-term weather forecasts improve nitrogen fertiliser use and benefit arable farming in the England and Wales?

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Dailey, A. G., Smith, J. U. and Whitmore, A. P. 2006. How far might medium-term weather forecasts improve nitrogen fertiliser use and benefit arable farming in the England and Wales? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 117, pp. 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.004

Calculation of the compression index and precompression stress from soil compression test data

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gregory, A. S., Whalley, W. R., Watts, C. W., Bird, N. R. A., Hallett, P. D. and Whitmore, A. P. 2006. Calculation of the compression index and precompression stress from soil compression test data. Soil & Tillage Research. 89, pp. 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.06.012

Weekly weather generation for a nitrogen turnover model

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Dailey, A. G., Smith, J. U. and Whitmore, A. P. 2005. Weekly weather generation for a nitrogen turnover model. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 73 (2-3), pp. 257-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-005-3031-3

Adverse effects of simulated harvesting of short-rotation willow and poplar coppice on vertical pressures and rut depths

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Watts, C. W., Clark, L. J., Chamen, W. C. T. and Whitmore, A. P. 2005. Adverse effects of simulated harvesting of short-rotation willow and poplar coppice on vertical pressures and rut depths. Soil & Tillage Research. 84 (2), pp. 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.11.012

Sensing the physical and nutritional status of the root environment in the field: a review of progress and opportunities

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Clark, L. J., Gowing, D. J. G., Lark, R. M., Leeds-Harrison, P. B., Miller, A. J., Wells, D. M., Whalley, W. R. and Whitmore, A. P. 2005. Sensing the physical and nutritional status of the root environment in the field: a review of progress and opportunities. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 143, pp. 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005253

Biological and technical processes that mediate micro-aggregation of clays

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Watts, C. W., Whalley, W. R., Brookes, P. C., Devonshire, B. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 2005. Biological and technical processes that mediate micro-aggregation of clays. Soil Science. 170 (8), pp. 573-583. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000178206.74040.0c

Climate change and soil functions: consequences of inaction and possible mitigations through land management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Powlson, D. S., Falloon, P., Coleman, K., Cox, P., Gaunt, J. L., Shield, I. F., Riche, A. B. and Whitmore, A. P. 2003. Climate change and soil functions: consequences of inaction and possible mitigations through land management. Abstracts ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Changing Sciences for a Changing World: Building a Broader Vision, Denver, 2-6 November 2003 .

Climate change and soil functions: consequences of inaction and possible mitigations through land management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Powlson, D. S., Falloon, P., Coleman, K., Cox, P., Gaunt, J. L., Shield, I. F. and Whitmore, A. P. 2003. Climate change and soil functions: consequences of inaction and possible mitigations through land management. Abstracts ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Changing Sciences for a Changing World: Building a Broader Vision, Denver, 2-6 November 2003 .

In situ measurements of erosion shear stress and geotechnical shear strength of the intertidal sediments of the experimental managed realignment scheme at Tollesbury, Essex, UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Watts, C. W., Tolhurst, T. J., Black, K. S. and Whitmore, A. P. 2003. In situ measurements of erosion shear stress and geotechnical shear strength of the intertidal sediments of the experimental managed realignment scheme at Tollesbury, Essex, UK. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 58, pp. 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00139-2

Aggregation of a soil with different cropping histories following the addition of organic materials

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Watts, C. W., Whalley, W. R., Longstaff, D. J., White, Robin P., Brookes, P. C. and Whitmore, A. P. 2001. Aggregation of a soil with different cropping histories following the addition of organic materials. Soil Use and Management. 17 (4), pp. 263-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00036.x

Ability of the SUNDIAL model to simulate the short-term dynamics of 15N applied to winter wheat and oilseed rape

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gabrielle, B., Recous, S., Tuck, G., Bradbury, N. J. and Nicolardot, B. 2001. Ability of the SUNDIAL model to simulate the short-term dynamics of 15N applied to winter wheat and oilseed rape. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 137, pp. 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859601001241

A modelling study of nitrogen deposited to arable land from the atmosphere and its contribution to nitrate leaching

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goulding, K. W. T., Bailey, N. J. and Bradbury, N. J. 1998. A modelling study of nitrogen deposited to arable land from the atmosphere and its contribution to nitrate leaching. Soil Use and Management. 14 (2), pp. 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00617.x

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goulding, K. W. T., Bailey, N. J., Bradbury, N. J., Hargreaves, P., Howe, M., Murphy, D. V., Poulton, P. R. and Willison, T. W. 1998. Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes. New Phytologist. 139 (1), pp. 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00182.x

Modelling microbial biomass dynamics following straw incorporation

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Agostini, F., Bradbury, N. J., Smith, J. U. and Brookes, P. C. 1998. Modelling microbial biomass dynamics following straw incorporation. Proceedings 16th World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, 20-26 August 1998 . pp. 279

Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the Verberne/MOTOR model

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Klein-Gunnewiek, H., Crocker, G. J., Klir, J., Korschens, M. and Poulton, P. R. 1997. Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the Verberne/MOTOR model. Geoderma. 81 (1-2), pp. 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00086-4

A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Smith, P., Smith, J. U., Powlson, D. S., Mcgill, W. B., Arah, J. R. M., Chertov, O. G., Coleman, K., Franko, U., Frolking, S., Jenkinson, D. S., Jensen, L. S., Kelly, R. H., Klein-Gunnewiek, H., Komarov, A. S., Li, C., Molina, J. A. E., Mueller, T., Parton, W. J., Thornley, J. H. M. and Whitmore, A. P. 1997. A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma. 81 (1-2), pp. 153-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00087-6

Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system using a dynamic model: what do farmers want?

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Smith, J. U., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Addiscott, T. M., Smith, P., Bide, A., Boothroyd, D., Brown, E., Cartwright, R., Chorley, R., Cook, S., Cousins, S., Draper, S., Dunn, M., Fisher, A., Griffith, P., Hayes, C., Lock, A., Lord, S., Mackay, J., Malone, C., Mitchell, D., Nettleton, D., Nicholls, D., Overman, H., Purslow, J., Scholey, A., Senior, S. and Sim, L. 1997. Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system using a dynamic model: what do farmers want? Soil Use and Management. 13 (4), pp. 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00592.x

Using models to help limit the environmental impact of fertilizer use

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Addiscott, T. M., Bradbury, N. J. and Smith, J. U. 1997. Using models to help limit the environmental impact of fertilizer use. Proceedings Dahlia Greidinger International Symposium on Fertilization and the Environment, Haifa, 24-27 March 1997 . pp. 113-126

Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system around the dynamic nitrogen turnover model, SUNDIAL

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Smith, J. U., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Addiscott, T. M., Smith, P. and Taylor, P. 1997. Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system around the dynamic nitrogen turnover model, SUNDIAL. Proceedings 1st European Conference on Information Technology in Agriculture, Copenhagen, 15-18 June 1997 . pp. 413-416

MINIM - a database of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization experiments. A user guide (MAFF contract 1503)

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Coleman, K., Glendining, M. J. and Bradbury, N. J. 1997. MINIM - a database of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization experiments. A user guide (MAFF contract 1503).

MINIM - a database of mineralization experiments (MS-Access database)

J - Computer programs

Coleman, K., Glendining, M. J. and Bradbury, N. J. 1997. MINIM - a database of mineralization experiments (MS-Access database).

A decision support system for nitrogen fertilizer recommendation: what do farmers want?

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Smith, J. U., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Addiscott, T. M. and Smith, P. 1997. A decision support system for nitrogen fertilizer recommendation: what do farmers want? Proceedings Royal Society of Chemistry Masterclass Conference on Managing the Risks of Nitrates to Humans and the Environment, Colchester, 1-2 September 1997 .

Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system: what do farmers want?

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Smith, J. U., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Addiscott, T. M. and Smith, P. 1997. Constructing a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation system: what do farmers want? Proceedings 1st European Conference on Information Technology in Agriculture, Copenhagen, June 15-18 1997 .

Simulation of nitrogen turnover in crop rotations

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Smith, J. U., Bradbury, N. J., Glendining, M. J. and Smith, P. 1997. Simulation of nitrogen turnover in crop rotations.

The effect of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ) disease of wheat on residual mineral N in arable soils

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Macdonald, A. J., Gutteridge, R. J. and Bradbury, N. J. 1997. The effect of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ) disease of wheat on residual mineral N in arable soils. Abstracts 1st European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Warwick, 8-10 September 1997 .

Improving nitrogen mineralization estimates with MINIM, the database of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization experiments

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J. and Coleman, K. 1997. Improving nitrogen mineralization estimates with MINIM, the database of nitrogen mineralization and immobilization experiments. Abstracts British Society of Soil Science Golden Jubilee Meeting, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 8-11 September 1997 .

SUNDIAL

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Bradbury, N. J. and Smith, J. U. 1996. SUNDIAL. GCTE Focus 3 Office, Wallingford.

SUNDIAL

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Smith, J. U. and Bradbury, N. J. 1996. SUNDIAL. AB-DLO Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO) Wageningen.

A system for improved fertilizer recommendations for arable and horticultural crops

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Smith, J. U., Dailey, A. G., Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Addiscott, T. M., Smith, P. and Taylor, P. 1996. A system for improved fertilizer recommendations for arable and horticultural crops. Abstracts British Society of Soil Science Meeting, Dundee, 23-25 September 1996 .

The effects of long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Glendining, M. J., Powlson, D. S., Poulton, P. R., Bradbury, N. J., Palazzo, D. and Li, X. 1996. The effects of long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 127, pp. 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600078527

Modelling changes in soil organic nitrogen on the Broadbalk experiment

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bradbury, N. J., Glendining, M. J. and Poulton, P. R. 1996. Modelling changes in soil organic nitrogen on the Broadbalk experiment. Soil Use and Management. 12, p. 105.

SUNDIAL: a PC-based system for simulating nitrogen dynamics in arable land

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Smith, J. U., Bradbury, N. J. and Addiscott, T. M. 1996. SUNDIAL: a PC-based system for simulating nitrogen dynamics in arable land. Agronomy Journal. 88 (1), pp. 38-43. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800010008x

SUNDIAL: simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable land

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Addiscott, T. M., Smith, J. U., Bradbury, N. J. and Coleman, K. 1995. SUNDIAL: simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable land. Proceedings ARIA Nitrate Workshop, IACR-Rothamsted, 25 January 1995 .

Short- and long-term effects of straw incorporation on soil N dynamics

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Grace, G. A. and Brookes, P. C. 1995. Short- and long-term effects of straw incorporation on soil N dynamics. Abstracts British Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting Soils '95, Reading, 11-14 September 1995 .

Modelling changes in soil organic nitrogen on Broadbalk

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bradbury, N. J., Glendining, M. J. and Poulton, P. R. 1995. Modelling changes in soil organic nitrogen on Broadbalk. Abstracts SCI Meeting on Soil Organic Matter, London, 21 November 1995 .

Calculating the input of organic matter to soil in three wooded sites

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Coleman, K., Bradbury, N. J. and Jenkinson, D. S. 1995. Calculating the input of organic matter to soil in three wooded sites. in: Welte, E., Huetti, R. F. and Szabolcs, I. (ed.) Agroforestry and land use change in industrialized nations International Scientific Centre of Fertilisers, Budapest. pp. 491-499

Simulating soil and fertiliser dynamics using the SUNDIAL model

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bradbury, N. J., Glendining, M. J., Poulton, P. R. and Cowie, G. 1994. Simulating soil and fertiliser dynamics using the SUNDIAL model. Abstracts RASE Meeting on Computer Technology in Agriculture, Cambridge, July 1994 .

The short- and long-term effects of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass and soil N dynamics

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Glendining, M. J., Bradbury, N. J., Shen, R., Grace, C. A. and Brookes, P. C. 1994. The short- and long-term effects of straw incorporation on soil microbial biomass and soil N dynamics. Abstracts 8th Nitrogen Workshop, University of Ghent, 5-8 September 1994 .

Demonstration of SUNDIAL: simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable soil

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Smith, J. U. and Bradbury, N. J. 1994. Demonstration of SUNDIAL: simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable soil. in: Loveland, P. J. and Rounsevell, M. D. A. (ed.) Soil responses to climate change (NATO ASI Series I, Vol 23) Springer, Berlin. pp. 245-

A user guide for SUNDIAL: Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable land. A user friendly, PC-based version of the Rothamsted Nitrogen Turnover Model

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Smith, J. U. and Bradbury, N. J. 1994. A user guide for SUNDIAL: Simulation of nitrogen dynamics in arable land. A user friendly, PC-based version of the Rothamsted Nitrogen Turnover Model. IACR Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden.

The potential impact of global environmental change on nitrogen dynamics in arable systems

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Bradbury, N. J. and Powlson, D. S. 1994. The potential impact of global environmental change on nitrogen dynamics in arable systems. in: Loveland, P. J. and Rounsevell, M. D. A. (ed.) Soil responses to climate change (NATO ASI Series I, Vol 23) Springer, Berlin. pp. 137-153

How the Rothamsted Classical Experiments have been used to develop and test models for the turnover of carbon and nitrogen in soil

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Jenkinson, D. S., Bradbury, N. J. and Coleman, K. 1994. How the Rothamsted Classical Experiments have been used to develop and test models for the turnover of carbon and nitrogen in soil. in: Johnston, A. E. and Leigh, R. A. (ed.) Long-term experiments in agricultural and ecological sciences CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon (CABI). pp. 117-138

Modelling the effects of climate change on nitrogen processes in arable soils

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bradbury, N. J. 1993. Modelling the effects of climate change on nitrogen processes in arable soils. Abstracts 4th AFRC Meeting on Plant and Soil Nitrogen Metabolism, Silsoe, 15-17 December 1993 . pp. 17

Modelling the fate of nitrogen in crop and soil in the years following application of 15N-labelled fertilizer to winter wheat

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bradbury, N. J., Whitmore, A. P., Hart, P. B. S. and Jenkinson, D. S. 1993. Modelling the fate of nitrogen in crop and soil in the years following application of 15N-labelled fertilizer to winter wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 121, pp. 363-379.

How the Rothamsted Classical Experiments have been used to develop and test models for the turnover of carbon and nitrogen in soil

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Jenkinson, D. S., Bradbury, N. J. and Coleman, K. 1993. How the Rothamsted Classical Experiments have been used to develop and test models for the turnover of carbon and nitrogen in soil. Insight from Foresight. Abstracts Rothamsted 150th Anniversary Conference, Harpenden, July 1993 .

Farming, fertilizers and the nitrate problem

E - Books edited/written by staff member, alone/with others

Addiscott, T. M., Whitmore, A. P. and Powlson, D. S. 1991. Farming, fertilizers and the nitrate problem. CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon (CABI).

A model for calculating the nitrogen requirement of cereals

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bradbury, N. J., Whitmore, A. P. and Jenkinson, D. S. 1991. A model for calculating the nitrogen requirement of cereals. Proceedings, 1st Congress of the European Society of Agronomy, Paris, 5-7 December, 1990. pp. Session 2 O 03

Simulation of solute leaching in soils of differing permeabilities

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Addiscott, T. M. and Whitmore, A. P. 1991. Simulation of solute leaching in soils of differing permeabilities. Soil Use and Management. 7 (2), pp. 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00856.x

A method for assessing the goodness of computer simulation of soil processes

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. 1991. A method for assessing the goodness of computer simulation of soil processes. Journal of Soil Science. 42 (2), pp. 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00410.x

The Rothamsted soil and crop nitrogen service on Viewdata 1985-1989

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Bland, G. J. and Addiscott, T. M. 1991. The Rothamsted soil and crop nitrogen service on Viewdata 1985-1989. Soil Use and Management. 7 (1), pp. 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00840.x

Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: modelling nitrogen turnover through organic matter

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Coleman, K., Bradbury, N. J. and Addiscott, T. M. 1991. Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: modelling nitrogen turnover through organic matter. Fertilizer Research. 27, pp. 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01051134

Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: a management model that makes best use of limited information

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Addiscott, T. M., Bailey, N. J., Bland, G. J. and Whitmore, A. P. 1991. Simulation of nitrogen in soil and winter wheat crops: a management model that makes best use of limited information. Fertilizer Research. 27, pp. 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01051136

Computer simulation of nitrogen dynamics in soil.

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Whitmore, A. P. 1989. Computer simulation of nitrogen dynamics in soil. AFRC Meeting on Plant and Soil Nitrogen Metabolism, Lancaster, 1989, 24..

Computer simulation of the behaviour of nitrogen in the soil and cropin the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Whitmore, A. P. and Parry, L.C. 1988. Computer simulation of the behaviour of nitrogen in the soil and cropin the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment. in: Nitrogen efficiency in agricultural soils London Elsevier. pp. 418-432

A simple function for describing the growth and nitrogen uptake of winter cereals.

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Whitmore, A. P. and Addiscott, T. M. 1988. A simple function for describing the growth and nitrogen uptake of winter cereals. Assessment of nitrogen fertilizer requirement. Proceedings 3rd Meeting NW European Study Group for the Assessment of Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement, Tune, Denmark, 1988. Ed. N. E. Nielsen.. pp. 137-145

Nitrogen models and soil heterogeneity.

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Addiscott, T. M. and Whitmore, A. P. 1988. Nitrogen models and soil heterogeneity. Assessment of nitrogen fertilizer requirement. Proceedings 3rd Meeting NW European Study Group for the Assessment of Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement, Tune, Denmark, 1988. Ed. N. E. Nielsen.. pp. 88-95

A function for describing nitrogen uptake and dry matter production by winter barley crops.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. 1988. A function for describing nitrogen uptake and dry matter production by winter barley crops. Plant and Soil. 111, pp. 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182036

Computer simulation of the behaviour of nitrogen in soil and crop in the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Whitmore, A. P. and Parry, L. C. 1988. Computer simulation of the behaviour of nitrogen in soil and crop in the Broadbalk continuous wheat experiment. in: Jenkinson, D. and Smith, K. A. (ed.) Nitrogen efficiency in agricultural soils London Elsevier. pp. 418-432

Nitrogen advice for cereals: present realities and future possibilities

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Sylvester-Bradley, R., Addiscott, T. M., Vaidyanathan, L. V., Murray, A. W. A. and Whitmore, A. P. 1987. Nitrogen advice for cereals: present realities and future possibilities. Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society. 263, pp. 1-36.

Applications of computer modelling to predict mineral nitrogen in soil and nitrogen in crops.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. and Addiscott, T. M. 1987. Applications of computer modelling to predict mineral nitrogen in soil and nitrogen in crops. Soil Use and Management. 3 (1), pp. 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00707.x

Evaluation of a nitrogen leaching/mineralization model for sugar beet.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P., Milford, G. F. J. and Armstrong, M. J. 1987. Evaluation of a nitrogen leaching/mineralization model for sugar beet. Plant and Soil. 101 (1), pp. 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371031

A function for describing nitrogen uptake, dry matter production and rooting by wheat crops.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Whitmore, A. P. and Addiscott, T. M. 1987. A function for describing nitrogen uptake, dry matter production and rooting by wheat crops. Plant and Soil. 101 (1), pp. 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371030

Computer simulation of changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop nitrogen during autumn, winter and spring.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Addiscott, T. M. and Whitmore, A. P. 1987. Computer simulation of changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop nitrogen during autumn, winter and spring. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 109 (1), pp. 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600081089

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