The role of multiple CYP51 paralogues in intrinsic and acquired azole sensitivity differences

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J. and Fan, J. 2014. The role of multiple CYP51 paralogues in intrinsic and acquired azole sensitivity differences. in: Fraaije, B. A., Deising, H. B. and Dehne, H. W. (ed.) Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds. Vol. 7 Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig. pp. 97-102

Related outputs

Aerobiology of the Wheat Blast Pathogen: Inoculum Monitoring and Detection of Fungicide Resistance Alleles

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Vicentini, S. N. C., Hawkins, N. J., King, K. M., Moreira, S. I., Custodio, A. A. D. P., Junior, R. P. L., Portalanza, D., Garces-Fiallos, F. R., Krug, L. D., West, J. S., Fraaije, B. A., Junior, W. C. D. J. and Ceresini, P. C. 2023. Aerobiology of the Wheat Blast Pathogen: Inoculum Monitoring and Detection of Fungicide Resistance Alleles. Agronomy. 13 (5), p. 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051238

Monitoring of Brazilian wheat blast field populations reveals resistance to QoI, DMI, and SDHI fungicides

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Vicentini, S. N. C., Casado, P. S., DeCarvalho, G., Moreira, S. I., Dorgian, A. F., Silva, T. C., Silva, A. G., Custodio, A. P. A., Gomes, A. C. S., Maciel, J. L. N., Hawkins, N. J., McDonald, B. A., Fraaije, B. A. and Ceresini, P. C. 2021. Monitoring of Brazilian wheat blast field populations reveals resistance to QoI, DMI, and SDHI fungicides. Plant Pathology. 71 (2), pp. 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13470

Fungicide resistance management: maximising the effective life of plant protection products

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Corkley, I., Fraaije, B. A. and Hawkins, N. J. 2021. Fungicide resistance management: maximising the effective life of plant protection products. Plant Pathology. 00, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13467

Fungicide resistance status and chemical control options for the brassica pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

King, K. M., Bucur, D. E., Hawkins, N. J., Kaczmarek, A. M., Duan, Y., Kildea, S., West, J. S. and Fraaije, B. A. 2021. Fungicide resistance status and chemical control options for the brassica pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae. Plant Pathology. 70 (9), pp. 2086-2103. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13441

Contrasting levels of genetic predictability in the evolution of resistance to major classes of fungicides

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2021. Contrasting levels of genetic predictability in the evolution of resistance to major classes of fungicides. Molecular Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15877

Widespread distribution of resistance to triazole fungicides in Brazilian populations of the wheat blast pathogen

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Poloni, N. M., Carvalho, G., Vicentini, S. N. C., Dorigan, A. F., Maciel, J. L. N., McDonald, B. A., Moreira, S. I., Hawkins, N. J., Fraaije, B. A., Kelly, D. E., Kelly, S. L. and Ceresini, P. C. 2020. Widespread distribution of resistance to triazole fungicides in Brazilian populations of the wheat blast pathogen. Plant Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13288

The Evolution of Resistance to Pesticides

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Hawkins, N. J. 2019. The Evolution of Resistance to Pesticides. London

First application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid identification of mating type in the heterothallic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

King, K. M., Hawkins, N. J., Atkins, S. L., Dyer, P. S., West, J. S. and Fraaije, B. A. 2019. First application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid identification of mating type in the heterothallic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus . Mycoses. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12959

Digest: Plant-pathogen coevolution extends to shifts in plant breeding systems

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J. 2019. Digest: Plant-pathogen coevolution extends to shifts in plant breeding systems. Evolution. 73 (3), pp. 628-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13687

The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J., Bass, C., Dixon, A. and Neve, P. 2019. The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 94 (1), pp. 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12440

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid detection of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot of brassicas)

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

King, K. M., Krivova, V., Canning, G. G. M., Hawkins, N. J., Kaczmarek, A. M., Perryman, S. A. M., Dyer, P. S., Fraaije, B. A. and West, J. S. 2018. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid detection of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot of brassicas). Plant Pathology. 67 (1), pp. 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12717

Fitness Penalties in the Evolution of Fungicide Resistance

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2018. Fitness Penalties in the Evolution of Fungicide Resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 56, pp. 339-360. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050012

Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fisher, M. C., Hawkins, N. J., Sanglard, D. and Gurr, S. J. 2018. Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security. Science - AAAS. 360 (6390), pp. 739-742. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7999

Digest: Plants adapt under attack: genotypic selection and phenotypic plasticity under herbivore pressure

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J. 2018. Digest: Plants adapt under attack: genotypic selection and phenotypic plasticity under herbivore pressure. Evolution. 72 (5), pp. 1184-1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13472

Dose-dependent selection drives lineage replacement during the experimental evolution of SDHI fungicide resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gutierrez-Alonso, O., Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J., Shaw, M. W. and Fraaije, B. A. 2017. Dose-dependent selection drives lineage replacement during the experimental evolution of SDHI fungicide resistance in Zymoseptoria tritici. Evolutionary Applications. 10 (10), pp. 1055-1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12511

Azole sensitivity in Leptosphaeria pathogens of oilseed rape: the role of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Sewell, T. R., Hawkins, N. J., Stotz, H. U., Huang, Y. J., Kelly, S. L., Kelly, D. E., Fraaije, B. A. and Fitt, B. D. L. 2017. Azole sensitivity in Leptosphaeria pathogens of oilseed rape: the role of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase. Scientific Reports. 7 (15849). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15545-9

British Mycological Society and British Society for Plant Pathology Joint Presidential Meeting 2017 - Fungal Exploitation and Control

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Lucas, J. A. and Hawkins, N. J. 2017. British Mycological Society and British Society for Plant Pathology Joint Presidential Meeting 2017 - Fungal Exploitation and Control. Outlooks on Pest Management. 28 (5), pp. 227-229(3). https://doi.org/10.1564/v28_oct_07

A conserved fungal glycosyltransferase facilitates pathogenesis of plants by enabling hyphal growth on solid surfaces

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

King, R., Urban, M., Lauder, R. P., Hawkins, N. J., Evans, M., Plummer, A., Halsey, K., Lovegrove, A., Hammond-Kosack, K. E. and Rudd, J. J. 2017. A conserved fungal glycosyltransferase facilitates pathogenesis of plants by enabling hyphal growth on solid surfaces. PLOS Pathogens. 13 (10), p. e1006672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006672

Predicting Resistance by Mutagenesis: Lessons from 45 Years of MBC Resistance

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2016. Predicting Resistance by Mutagenesis: Lessons from 45 Years of MBC Resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, p. 1814. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01814

The unique contribution of Rothamsted to ecological research at large temporal scales

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Storkey, J., Macdonald, A. J., Bell, J. R., Clark, I. M., Gregory, A. S., Hawkins, N. J., Hirsch, P. R., Todman, L. C. and Whitmore, A. P. 2016. The unique contribution of Rothamsted to ecological research at large temporal scales. in: Dumbrell, A. J., Kordas, R. L. and Woodward, G. (ed.) Advances in Ecological Research 55: Large-Scale Ecology: Model Systems to Global Perspectives Academic Press, Oxford. pp. 3-42

Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target-site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Mair, W., Lopez-Ruiz, F., Stammler, G ., Clark, W., Burnett, F., Hollomon, D., Ishii, H., Thind, T. S., Brown, J. K., Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Shaw, M., Fillinger, S., Walker, A. S., Mellado, E., Schnabel, G., Mehl, A. and Oliver, R. P. 2016. Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target-site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides. Pest Management Science. 72 (8), pp. 1449-1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4301

The Rothamsted Long-term Experiments

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Macdonald, A. J., Powlson, D. S., Poulton, P. R., Watts, C. W., Clark, I. M., Storkey, J., Hawkins, N. J., Glendining, M. J., Goulding, K. W. T. and McGrath, S. P. 2015. The Rothamsted Long-term Experiments. Aspects of Applied Biology. 128.

The evolution of fungicide resistance

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Lucas, J. A., Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2015. The evolution of fungicide resistance. in: Sariaslani, S. and Gadd, G. M. (ed.) Advances in Applied Microbiology Vol.90 Elsevier.

Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors: modes of resistance and development of CYP51 mutations

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2014. Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors: modes of resistance and development of CYP51 mutations. 248th National Meeting of the Amercian Chemical Society (ACS) 10-14 August , San Francisco, CA, 2014. American Chemical Society (ACS).

Evolution and spread of azole-insensitive Zymoseptoria tritici field isolates in the UK

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A., Atkins, S., Luo, J., Diez De La Fuente, P. and Hawkins, N. J. 2014. Evolution and spread of azole-insensitive Zymoseptoria tritici field isolates in the UK. American Phytopathological Society (APS).

Molecular screening for avirulence alleles AvrLm1 and AvrLm6 in airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants from Poland and the UK

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Kaczmarek, J., Latunde-Dada, A. O., Irzykowski, W., Cools, H. J., Stonard, J. F., Brachaczek, A. and Jedryczka, M. 2014. Molecular screening for avirulence alleles AvrLm1 and AvrLm6 in airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants from Poland and the UK. Journal of Applied Genetics. 55 (4), pp. 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-014-0235-8

The Y123H substitution perturbs FvCYP51B function and confers prochloraz resistance in laboratory mutants of Fusarium verticillioides

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fan, J., Chen, F., Diao, Y., Cools, H. J., Kelly, S. L. and Liu, X. 2014. The Y123H substitution perturbs FvCYP51B function and confers prochloraz resistance in laboratory mutants of Fusarium verticillioides. Plant Pathology. 63 (4), pp. 952-960. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12168

Alterations in the predicted regulatory and coding regions of the sterol 14alpha-demethylase gene (CYP51) confer decreased azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Carter, H. E., Fraaije, B. A., West, J. S., Kelly, S. L., Mehl, A., Shaw, M. W. and Cools, H. J. 2014. Alterations in the predicted regulatory and coding regions of the sterol 14alpha-demethylase gene (CYP51) confer decreased azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae. Molecular Plant Pathology. 15 (5), pp. 513-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12106

Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors: modes of resistance and development of CPY51 mutations

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2014. Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors: modes of resistance and development of CPY51 mutations. Abstracts 13th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, San Francisco, 10-14 August 2014 . pp. 234

Paralog re-emergence: a novel, historically contingent mechanism in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J., Sierotzki, H., Shaw, M. W., Knogge, W., Kelly, S. L., Kelly, D. E. and Fraaije, B. A. 2014. Paralog re-emergence: a novel, historically contingent mechanism in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Molecular Biology And Evolution. 31 (7), pp. 1793-1802. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu134

CPY51 paralogues and azole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium commune

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. CPY51 paralogues and azole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium commune. Abstracts 14th Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, Lisbon, 19-24 August 2013 . pp. 859

Mapping the adaptive landscape of Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 under selection by azole fungicides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. Mapping the adaptive landscape of Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 under selection by azole fungicides. Abstracts 14th Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, Lisbon, 19-24 August 2013 . pp. 19

Constraints on the evolution of azole resistance in plant pathogenic fungi

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Hawkins, N. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. Constraints on the evolution of azole resistance in plant pathogenic fungi. Plant Pathology. 62 (Suppl. 1), pp. 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12128

Detection and molecular characterisation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae isolates resistant to methyl benzimidazole carbamates

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Carter, H. E., Cools, H. J., West, J. S., Shaw, M. W. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. Detection and molecular characterisation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae isolates resistant to methyl benzimidazole carbamates. Pest Management Science. 69 (9), pp. 1040-1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3585

One step ahead? The evolution of fungicide resistance in Septoria leaf blotch of wheat

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Lucas, J. A., Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. One step ahead? The evolution of fungicide resistance in Septoria leaf blotch of wheat. Abstracts Society for General Microbiology Autumn Conference, Brighton, 2-4 September 2013 . pp. 13

CYP51 paralogues and azole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium commune

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. CYP51 paralogues and azole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium commune. Chinese Society for Plant Pathology.

Evolution and spread of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates overexpressing CYP51 or carrying different CYP51 variants in response to azole fungicide applications

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A., Atkins, S., Luo, J., De La Fuente, P. D., Hawkins, N. J. and Cools, H. J. 2013. Evolution and spread of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates overexpressing CYP51 or carrying different CYP51 variants in response to azole fungicide applications. Chinese Society for Plant Pathology.

Detection of azole insensitive CYP51 over-expressing strains of Mycosphaerella graminicola using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A. and Cools, H. J. 2013. Detection of azole insensitive CYP51 over-expressing strains of Mycosphaerella graminicola using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays. Chinese Society for Plant Pathology.

Genus-specific CYP51C of Fusarium graminearum identified as a novel CYP51 rather than azole fungicide target sterol 14alpha-demethylases

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fan, J., Urban, M., Parker, J. E., Brewer, H. C., Kelly, S. L., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Fraaije, B. A., Liu, X. and Cools, H. J. 2013. Genus-specific CYP51C of Fusarium graminearum identified as a novel CYP51 rather than azole fungicide target sterol 14alpha-demethylases. Chinese Society for Plant Pathology.

Prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio activities against Candida albicans sterol 14-alpha-demethylase

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Parker, J. E., Warrilow, A. G. S., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Lucas, J. A., Rigdova, K., Griffiths, W. J., Kelly, D. E. and Kelly, S. L. 2013. Prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio activities against Candida albicans sterol 14-alpha-demethylase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79, pp. 1639-1645. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03246-12

Characterization of the sterol 14alpha-demethylases of Fusarium graminearum identifies a novel genus-specific CYP51 function

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fan, J., Urban, M., Parker, J. E., Brewer, H. C., Kelly, S. L., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Fraaije, B. A., Liu, X. and Cools, H. J. 2013. Characterization of the sterol 14alpha-demethylases of Fusarium graminearum identifies a novel genus-specific CYP51 function. New Phytologist. 198 (3), pp. 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12193

Exploitation of genomics in fungicide research: current status and future perspectives

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J. and Hammond-Kosack, K. E. 2013. Exploitation of genomics in fungicide research: current status and future perspectives. Molecular Plant Pathology. 14 (2), pp. 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12001

Update on mechanisms of azole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola and implications for future control

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2013. Update on mechanisms of azole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola and implications for future control. Pest Management Science. 69 (2), pp. 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3348

Investigations into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the decline in sensitivity to DMI fungicides in Mycosphaerella graminicola populations

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A. and Cools, H. J. 2012. Investigations into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the decline in sensitivity to DMI fungicides in Mycosphaerella graminicola populations. American Phytopathological Society (APS).

Reduced azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopziza brassicae

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Carter, H. E., Cools, H. J., West, J. S., Shaw, M., Mehl, A. and Fraaije, B. A. 2012. Reduced azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopziza brassicae. American Phytopathological Society (APS).

Detection and quantification of airborne inoculum of Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Polish and UK winter oilseed rape crops by real-time PCR assays

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Karolewski, Z., Kaczmarek, J., Jedryczka, M., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Lucas, J. A. and Latunde-Dada, A. O. 2012. Detection and quantification of airborne inoculum of Pyrenopeziza brassicae in Polish and UK winter oilseed rape crops by real-time PCR assays. Grana. 51, pp. 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/00173134.2011.653401

Quantitative PCR analysis of abundance of airborne propagules of Leptosphaeria species in air samples from different regions of Poland

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Kaczmarek, J., Jedryczka, M., Cools, H. J., Fitt, B. D. L., Lucas, J. A. and Latunde-Dada, A. O. 2012. Quantitative PCR analysis of abundance of airborne propagules of Leptosphaeria species in air samples from different regions of Poland. Aerobiologia. 28, pp. 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-011-9228-9

Recent evolution of Rhynchosporium secalis populations in response to selection by triazoles. PhD thesis, University of Reading

F - Theses

Hawkins, N. J. 2012. Recent evolution of Rhynchosporium secalis populations in response to selection by triazoles. PhD thesis, University of Reading. F - Theses

Overexpression of the sterol 14α-demethylase gene (MgCYP51) in Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates confers a novel azole fungicide sensitivity phenotype.

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Bayon, C., Atkins, S., Lucas, J. A. and Fraaije, B. A. 2012. Overexpression of the sterol 14α-demethylase gene (MgCYP51) in Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates confers a novel azole fungicide sensitivity phenotype. Pest Management Science. 68 (7), pp. 1034-1040. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3263

Risk assessment studies on succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, the new weapons in the battle to control Septoria leaf blotch in wheat

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fraaije, B. A., Bayon, C., Atkins, S., Cools, H. J., Lucas, J. A. and Fraaije, M. W. 2012. Risk assessment studies on succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, the new weapons in the battle to control Septoria leaf blotch in wheat. Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (3), pp. 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00746.x

Resistance to azole fungicides in Mycosphaerella graminicola: mechanisms and management

B - Book chapters etc edited externally

Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2012. Resistance to azole fungicides in Mycosphaerella graminicola: mechanisms and management. in: Thind, T. S. (ed.) Fungicide resistance in crop protection: risk and management CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon (CABI). pp. 64-77

Molecular mechanisms of altered triazole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J., Shaw, M. W., Sierotzki, H. and Fraaije, B. A. 2011. Molecular mechanisms of altered triazole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis. Dehne, H. W. (ed.) Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds VI . DPG, Braunschwieg. pp. 129-134

Functional characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola sterol 14alpha-demethylase variants resistant to azole fungicides

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cools, H. J., Parker, J. E., Kelly, D. E., Lucas, J. A., Kelly, S. L. and Fraaije, B. A. 2011. Functional characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola sterol 14alpha-demethylase variants resistant to azole fungicides. Dehne, H. W. (ed.) Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds VI . DPG, Braunschweig. pp. 123-128

Molecular modelling of the emergence of azole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Mullins, J. G. L., Parker, J. E., Cools, H. J., Togawa, R. C., Lucas, J. A., Fraaije, B. A., Kelly, D. E. and Kelly, S. L. 2011. Molecular modelling of the emergence of azole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola. PLOS ONE. 6, p. e20973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020973

Effects of fungicide on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in relation to development of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Huang, Y. J., Hood, J. R., Eckert, M. R., Stonard, J. F., Cools, H. J., King, G. J., Rossall, S., Ashworth, M. and Fitt, B. D. L. 2011. Effects of fungicide on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in relation to development of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Plant Pathology. 60 (4), pp. 607-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02416.x

Finished genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals dispensome structure, chromosome plasticity and stealth pathogenesis

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Goodwin, S. B., Ben M'barek, S., Dhillon, B., Wittenberg, A. H. J., Crane, C. F., Hane, J. K., Foster, A. J., Van Der Lee, T. A. J., Grimwood, J., Aerts, A., Antoniw, J. F., Bailey, A., Bluhm, B., Bowler, J., Bristow, J., Van Der Burgt, A., Canto-Canche, B., Churchill, A. C. L., Conde-Ferraez, L., Cools, H. J., Coutinho, P. M., Csukai, M., Dehal, P., De Wit, P., Donzelli, B., Van De Geest, H. C., Van Ham, R. C. H. J., Hammond-Kosack, K. E. and Rudd, J. J. 2011. Finished genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals dispensome structure, chromosome plasticity and stealth pathogenesis. PLOS Genetics. 7, p. e1002070 (17pp). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002070

Impact of recently emerged sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) variants of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Mullins, J. G. L., Fraaije, B. A., Parker, J. E., Kelly, D. E., Lucas, J. A. and Kelly, S. L. 2011. Impact of recently emerged sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) variants of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77, pp. 3830-3837. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00027-11

Mechanism of binding of prothioconazole to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 differs from that of other azole antifungals

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Parker, J. E., Warrilow, A. G. S., Cools, H. J., Martel, C. M., Nes, W. D., Fraaije, B. A., Lucas, J. A., Kelly, D. E. and Kelly, S. L. 2011. Mechanism of binding of prothioconazole to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 differs from that of other azole antifungals. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77, pp. 1460-1465. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01332-10

Investigating altered triazole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. D., Cools, H. J., Shaw, M. W., Sierotzki, H. and Fraaije, B. A. 2010. Investigating altered triazole sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis. American Phytopathological Society (APS).

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor resistance risk assessment studies on Mycosphaerella graminicola the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bayon, C., Fraaije, M. W., Cools, H. J., Rogers, S. L., Lucas, J. A. and Fraaije, B. A. 2010. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor resistance risk assessment studies on Mycosphaerella graminicola the causal agent of septoria leaf blotch.

Prothioconazole binds to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 by a different mechanism compared to other azole antifungals

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Parker, J. E., Warrilow, A., Cools, H. J., Martel, C. M., Nes, W. D., Fraaije, B. A., Lucas, J. A., Kelly, D. E. and Kelly, S. L. 2010. Prothioconazole binds to Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 by a different mechanism compared to other azole antifungals. Abstracts 10th International Symposium on Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Woods Hole, 3-7 October 2010 .

CYP51 paralogues and azole fungicide sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. J., Cools, H. J., Sierotzki, H., Shaw, M. and Fraaije, B. A. 2010. CYP51 paralogues and azole fungicide sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis. Abstracts 10th International Symposium on Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Woods Hole, 3-7 October 2010 .

Recent evolution of P450 sterol 14a-demethylase (CYP51) of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola in response to selection by azole fungicides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J. 2010. Recent evolution of P450 sterol 14a-demethylase (CYP51) of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola in response to selection by azole fungicides. Abstracts 10th International Symposium on Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Woods Hole, 3-7 October 2010 .

Molecular mechanisms of altered fungicide sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Hawkins, N. D., Cools, H. J., Shaw, M. W., Sierotzki, H. and Fraaije, B. A. 2010. Molecular mechanisms of altered fungicide sensitivity in Rhynchosporium secalis. Abstracts 16th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, Friedrichroda, 25-29 April 2010 . pp. 50

Effects of DMI fungicides on selection of CYP51 variants in UK populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A., Rogers, S., Bayon, C., Cools, H. J. and Lucas, J. A. 2010. Effects of DMI fungicides on selection of CYP51 variants in UK populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Abstracts 16th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, Friedrichroda, 25-29 April 2010 . pp. 84

Heterologous expression of mutated eburicol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) proteins of Mycosphaerella graminicola to assess effects on azole fungicide sensitivity and intrinsic protein function

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Parker, J. E., Kelly, D. E., Lucas, J. A., Fraaije, B. A. and Kelly, S. L. 2010. Heterologous expression of mutated eburicol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) proteins of Mycosphaerella graminicola to assess effects on azole fungicide sensitivity and intrinsic protein function. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76, pp. 2866-2872. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02158-09

Functional characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola sterol 14alpha-demethylase (MgCYP51) variants resistant to azole fungicides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Parker, J. E., Motteram, J., Kelly, D. E., Lucas, J. A., Rudd, J. J., Kelly, S. L. and Fraaije, B. A. 2010. Functional characterisation of Mycosphaerella graminicola sterol 14alpha-demethylase (MgCYP51) variants resistant to azole fungicides. Abstracts 16th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, Friedrichroda, 25-29 April 2010 .

Pest wars - press paper

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Lucas, J. A., Field, L. M., Cools, H. J. and Hammond-Kosack, K. E. 2009. Pest wars - press paper. Pest Wars: British Science Festival, Guildford, 8 September 2009 .

Sterol content analysis suggests altered eburicol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) activity in isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola adapted to azole fungicides

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Bean, T. P., Cools, H. J., Lucas, J. A., Hawkins, N. D., Ward, J. L., Shaw, M. W. and Fraaije, B. A. 2009. Sterol content analysis suggests altered eburicol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) activity in isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola adapted to azole fungicides. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 296, pp. 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01645.x

Impact of proquinazid on appressorial development of the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Gilbert, S. R., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Bailey, A. M. and Lucas, J. A. 2009. Impact of proquinazid on appressorial development of the barley powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 94, pp. 127-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.011

Adaptation of Mycosphaerella graminicola populations to azole fungicides in the UK

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Motteram, J., Gilbert, S. R., Kim, S-H. and Lucas, J. A. 2008. Adaptation of Mycosphaerella graminicola populations to azole fungicides in the UK. Deising, H. B., Lyr, H., Russell, P. E., Kuck, K. H., Gisi, U. and Dehne, H. W. (ed.) Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds V: Proceedings 15th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, 2007 . Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig. pp. 121-127

Expression of genes encoding efflux proteins in Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with sensitive or reduced triazole sensitivity phenotypes

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Bean, T. P., Cools, H. J., Lucas, J. A. and Fraaije, B. A. 2008. Expression of genes encoding efflux proteins in Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with sensitive or reduced triazole sensitivity phenotypes. Deising, H. B., Lyr, H., Russell, P. E., Kuck, K. H., Gisi, U. and Dehne, H. W. (ed.) Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds V: Proceedings 15th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds, 2007 . Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft, Braunschweig. pp. 93-99

Quantitative measurements of CYP51 alterations in populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola using pyrosequencing

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Motteram, J., Cools, H. J., Gilbert, S. and Fraaije, B. A. 2008. Quantitative measurements of CYP51 alterations in populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola using pyrosequencing.

Demethylation inhibitor resistance in cereal pathogens and consequences of resistance management

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Motteram, J. and Lucas, J. A. 2008. Demethylation inhibitor resistance in cereal pathogens and consequences of resistance management.

Characterisation of mechanisms correlated with reduced azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Bean, T. P. and Lucas, J. A. 2008. Characterisation of mechanisms correlated with reduced azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola.

Impact of mutations in the CYP51 gene of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity and intrinsic protein function

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Fernandez-Ortuno, D., Bean, T. P. and Lucas, J. A. 2008. Impact of mutations in the CYP51 gene of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity and intrinsic protein function. Abstracts 7th International Mycosphaerella and Stagonospora Symposium, Ascona, 18-22 August 2008 .

Controlling Septoria: can azole fungicides be relied upon?

G - Articles in popular magazines and other technical publications

Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Clark, B. and Lucas, J. A. 2008. Controlling Septoria: can azole fungicides be relied upon? RRA Newsletter. 26, p. 3.

Are azole fungicides losing ground against Septoria wheat disease? Resistance mechanisms in Mycosphaerella graminicola

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2008. Are azole fungicides losing ground against Septoria wheat disease? Resistance mechanisms in Mycosphaerella graminicola. Pest Management Science. 64 (7), pp. 681-684. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1568

Molecular mechanisms associated with altered azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cools, H. J., Bean, T. P., Motteram, J., Gilbert, S. R. and Fraaije, B. A. 2007. Molecular mechanisms associated with altered azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola. Proceedings 16th International Plant Protection Congress, Glasgow, 15-18 October 2007 . pp. 406-407

Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to an azole fungicide using cDNA microarrays

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Bean, T. P., Antoniw, J. F. and Lucas, J. A. 2007. Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to an azole fungicide using cDNA microarrays. Molecular Plant Pathology. 8 (5), pp. 639-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1364-3703.2007.00411.X

Molecular mechanisms correlated with reduced azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J. 2007. Molecular mechanisms correlated with reduced azole sensitivity in Mycosphaerella graminicola.

Sterol content analysis of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with reduced sensitivity to triazole fungicides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bean, T. P., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A. and Lucas, J. A. 2007. Sterol content analysis of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates with reduced sensitivity to triazole fungicides.

Comparison of Leptosphaeria biglobosa- induced and chemically induced systemic resistance to L. maculans in Brassica napus

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Liu, S-Y., Liu, R-H., Latunde-Dada, A. O., Cools, H. J., Foster, S. J., Huang, Y-J. and Fitt, B. D. L. 2007. Comparison of Leptosphaeria biglobosa- induced and chemically induced systemic resistance to L. maculans in Brassica napus. Chinese Science Bulletin. 52, pp. 1053-1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0181-5

A novel substitution 1381V in the sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) of Mycosphaerella graminicola is differentially selected by azole fungicides

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Kim, S-H., Motteram, J., Clark, W. S. and Lucas, J. A. 2007. A novel substitution 1381V in the sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) of Mycosphaerella graminicola is differentially selected by azole fungicides. Molecular Plant Pathology. 8 (3), pp. 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00388.X

Methods to detect fungicide resistance: from broth dilution to real-time PCR

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Fraaije, B. A. and Cools, H. J. 2006. Methods to detect fungicide resistance: from broth dilution to real-time PCR. Fungicide Resistance: Are We Winning the Battle but Losing the War? Aspects of Applied Biology 78 . pp. 11-15

Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to triazole fungicides using cDNA microarrays

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Antoniw, J. F. and Fraaije, B. A. 2006. Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to triazole fungicides using cDNA microarrays. Abstracts 11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Kobe, 6-11 August 2006 . pp. 140

Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to triazole fungicides using cDNA microarrays

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Antoniw, J. F., Bean, T. P. and Fraaije, B. A. 2006. Transcriptome profiling of the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola isolates to triazole fungicides using cDNA microarrays. Abstracts 3rd COGEME Interest Group Meeting, Manchester, 7-8 November 2006 . pp. 28

Evolution of azole resistance mechanisms in UK populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2006. Evolution of azole resistance mechanisms in UK populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Fungicide Resistance: Are We Winning the Battle but Losing the War? Aspects of Applied Biology 78 . pp. 21-27

In planta expression analysis in Mycosphaerella graminicola of genes encoding efflux proteins

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Bean, T. P., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A. and Lucas, J. A. 2006. In planta expression analysis in Mycosphaerella graminicola of genes encoding efflux proteins. Asbtracts APS CPS MSA Joint Meeting on Plant Pathology at the Biological Crossroads, Quebec, 29 July-2 August 2006 . pp. 11

Impact of changes in the target P450 CYP51 enzyme associated with altered triazole-sensitivity in fungal pathogens of cereal crops

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Kim, S. H. and Lucas, J. A. 2006. Impact of changes in the target P450 CYP51 enzyme associated with altered triazole-sensitivity in fungal pathogens of cereal crops. Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (6), pp. 1219-1222. https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0341219

Exploring appressorial formation in the cereal biotroph powdery mildew

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Gilbert, S. R., Fraaije, B. A., Bailey, A., Cools, H. J. and Lucas, J. A. 2006. Exploring appressorial formation in the cereal biotroph powdery mildew. Abstracts 8th European Conference on Fungal Genetics, Vienna, 8-11 April 2006 . pp. 165

Testing an experimental fungicide for in vitro activity against Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici ) (Confidential report for Cropsolution Inc)

D1 - Technical reports: non-confidential

Lucas, J. A., Bean, T., Cools, H. J. and Fraaije, B. A. 2005. Testing an experimental fungicide for in vitro activity against Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici ) (Confidential report for Cropsolution Inc).

Exploring appressorial formation in the biotrophic cereal fungus powdery mildew

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Gilbert, S., Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Bailey, A. and Lucas, J. A. 2005. Exploring appressorial formation in the biotrophic cereal fungus powdery mildew. Abstracts 23rd Fungal Genetics Conference, Asilomar, 15-20 March 2005 . pp. 177

The role of ascospores in further spread of QoI-resistant cytochrome b alleles (G143A) in field populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Fraaije, B. A., Cools, H. J., Fountaine, J., Lovell, D. J., Motteram, J., West, J. S. and Lucas, J. A. 2005. The role of ascospores in further spread of QoI-resistant cytochrome b alleles (G143A) in field populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Phytopathology. 95 (8), pp. 933-941. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-0933

Molecular examination of Septoria tritici isolates with reduced sensitivities to triazoles

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A. and Lucas, J. A. 2005. Molecular examination of Septoria tritici isolates with reduced sensitivities to triazoles. Dehne, H-W., Lyr, H., Russell, P. E., Kuck, K. H. and Gisi, U. (ed.) Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IV: Proceedings of the 14th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium, Friedrichroda, 25-29 April 2004 . British Crop Protection Council (BCPC). pp. 103-114

Molecular mechanisms correlated with changes in triazole sensitivity in isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola

C1 - Edited contributions to conferences/learned societies

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A. and Lucas, J. A. 2005. Molecular mechanisms correlated with changes in triazole sensitivity in isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola. Proceedings BCPC International Congress - Crop Science and Technology, Glasgow, 31 October-2 November 2005 . pp. 267-274

Using cDNA microarrays to profile the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola to triazole fungicides

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A., Keon, J. P. R., Antoniw, J. F. and Lucas, J. A. 2005. Using cDNA microarrays to profile the response of Mycosphaerella graminicola to triazole fungicides. Abstracts COGEME Interest Group Meeting, Manchester, 8-9 November 2005 .

Leptosphaeria biglobosa can induce higher resistance of Brassica napus to Phoma stem canker by triggering earlier JA/ET pathway and stronger SA pathway both locally and systematically

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Liu, R., Liu, S., Fitt, B. D. L., Cools, H. J., Latunde-Dada, A. O., Huang, Y-J., Li, Z. and Lucas, J. A. 2004. Leptosphaeria biglobosa can induce higher resistance of Brassica napus to Phoma stem canker by triggering earlier JA/ET pathway and stronger SA pathway both locally and systematically. Abstracts Discovery, Development and Delivery in Plant Pathology: 7th Conference of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology and BSPP Presidential Meeting 2004, Aberdeen, 5-10 September 2004 . pp. 38

Molecular mechanisms conferring reduced sensitivities to triazoles in UK isolates of Septoria tritici

C2 - Non-edited contributions to conferences

Cools, H. J., Fraaije, B. A. and Lucas, J. A. 2004. Molecular mechanisms conferring reduced sensitivities to triazoles in UK isolates of Septoria tritici.

Menadione sodium bisulphite: a novel plant defence activator which enhances local and systemic resistance to infection by Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Borges, A. A., Cools, H. J. and Lucas, J. A. 2003. Menadione sodium bisulphite: a novel plant defence activator which enhances local and systemic resistance to infection by Leptosphaeria maculans in oilseed rape. Plant Pathology. 52 (4), pp. 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00877.x

Pre-treatment of cucumber plants with acibenzolar-S-methyl systemically primes a phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PAL1 ) for enhanced expression upon attack with a pathogenic fungus

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J. and Ishii, H. 2002. Pre-treatment of cucumber plants with acibenzolar-S-methyl systemically primes a phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PAL1 ) for enhanced expression upon attack with a pathogenic fungus. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 61, pp. 273-280.

Cloning and sequence analysis of the eburicol 14alpha-demethylase encoding gene (CYP51 ) from the Japanese pear scab fungus Venturia nashicola

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Cools, H. J., Ishii, H., Butters, J. A. and Hollomon, D. W. 2002. Cloning and sequence analysis of the eburicol 14alpha-demethylase encoding gene (CYP51 ) from the Japanese pear scab fungus Venturia nashicola. Journal of Phytopathology. 150 (42986), pp. 444-450. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00776.x