The effects of cropping sequence, fertilization, and straw management on the yield stability of winter wheat (1986–2017) in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, Rothamsted, UK.

The development of resilient cropping systems with high yield stability is becoming increasingly important due to future climatic and agronomic challenges. Consequently, it is essential to be able to evaluate the effects of differing agronomic management practices, such as cropping sequences, and nutrient supply on the stability of crop yields. Long-term experiments are a valuable resource for investigating these effects, providing a sufficient number of years for accurate stability parameter estimation. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of cropping sequence (#1: continuous vs rotational), fertilization (#2: mineral vs organic) and straw management in the case of continuous wheat (#3: removal vs incorporation) on the yield stability of winter wheat; yield risk (the probability of yield falling below a threshold yield level) and inter-annual yield variability were used as stability indicators of the effects. Long-term yield data from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment (Rothamsted, United Kingdom) were analysed using a mixed model. Overall, the results showed that rotational cropping combined with supply of sufficient nutrients (N, P, and K) from mineral fertilizers, especially mineral N supply, ensured stable wheat yields whilst reducing the yield risk.