Evidence for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki HD-1, Bt subsp. aizawai and abamectin in field populations of Plutella xylostella from Malaysia

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki HD-1 ('Dipel'(R); Btk; CryIA & CryII) and Bt. subsp. aizawai ('Florbac'(R); Bta; CryIA & CryIC) was assessed against larvae from various field populations of Plutella xylostella (F2 generation) collected in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia in April 1994 and a lowland population (SERD 2; F10 generation) collected in December 1993. Evidence of resistance to Btk and to a lesser extent Bta is reported in these populations (LC(50) Toxicity Ratios [TR] = 3-14 and 2-8 respectively), most notably in SERD 2. The first recorded evidence of resistance to abamectin (TR = 17-195-fold) in field populations of P. xylostella is also reported. In an unselected sub-population of SERD 2, the TR values for Btk, Bta and abamectin declined 2- to 3-fold (P < 0.01) over six generations in the laboratory (F10-F16) while in sub-populations of SERD 2 selected with these products (F11-F15) there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the TR (15-, 3- and 2.5-fold respectively) when compared with the F10 generation This suggests the presence of marked resistance to Btk and some resistance to Bta and abamectin. There is also evidence of slight cross-resistance to Btk in the Bta-selected sub-population but no evidence for the reverse selection of resistance or for cross-resistance between Btk and abamectin. Concurrent selection studies (F11-F15) with another sub-population of SERD 2 demonstrated resistance to the acylurea insect growth regulator, teflubenzuron ('Nomolt'(R)) (29-fold increase in TR). Based on the selection experiments with SERD 2, estimates of realised heritability (h(2)) of resistance gave very high values for teflubenzuron and Btk (c.07) and moderate values for abamectin and Bta (c.0.3). The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management (IPM) and insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies for P. xylostella.