Straw mulching optimized the root and canopy structure of soybean by reducing the topsoil temperature before blooming period

A - Papers appearing in refereed journals

Wu, Z., Zhu, Y., Li, Q., Li, R., Willcock, S., Vona, V., Dunn, R., Ver, A., Xu, Y., Hua, J., Xu, C., Song, W. and Wu, C. 2025. Straw mulching optimized the root and canopy structure of soybean by reducing the topsoil temperature before blooming period. Field Crops Research. 333 (1 November), p. 110067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110067

AuthorsWu, Z., Zhu, Y., Li, Q., Li, R., Willcock, S., Vona, V., Dunn, R., Ver, A., Xu, Y., Hua, J., Xu, C., Song, W. and Wu, C.
Abstract

Context
The soybean seed yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) region is challenged by high temperatures before blooming. Straw mulching can act to reduce topsoil temperature. However, little is known about whether changes in topsoil temperature contribute to the optimization of soybean root and canopy structure and, ultimately, yield.

Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of straw mulching on soybean topsoil temperature, root growth, and canopy structure in the HHH region, China.

Methods
A randomized block design was adopted (2020–2023) in the field, including three straw treatments: straw removing (SR), straw mulching (SM), and straw crushing (SC). Topsoil temperature, root morphology, leaf area index (LAI), light transmittance, canopy photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, and seed yield of soybean under different treatments were measured. Furthermore, the test results were validated by pot experiment (LT: topsoil cooling, CT: topsoil non-cooling) in 2024.

Results
Before soybean blooming, the highest topsoil temperature was 28.47℃ in SR, followed by 27.47℃ in SC and 26.95℃ in SM. Compared to SR and SC, the root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight of SM increased by an average of 26.04 %, 27.79 %, 29.13 % and 38.82 %, respectively. Soybean root dry matter weight was significantly positively correlated (P < 0.01) with the LAI and above-ground dry matter accumulation. Compared to SR and SC, Fv/Fm, Y(II), and ETR under SM treatment increased by 8.38 %, 7.94 %, and 7.73 %, respectively. Y(II) of the LT treatment was also significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 17.53 % compared to CT. Among the three treatments, soybean canopy photosynthetic rate and seed yield under SM treatment were, on average, significantly increased by 9.97 %, and 11.87 %, respectively. Furthermore, we identified the LAI characteristics of high-yield soybean canopy: 2.22 <LAI< 2.44 in the upper layer, 1.71 <LAI< 3.21 in the middle layer, and LAI> 0.62 in the lower layer.

Conclusion and implications
These findings imply that regulating topsoil temperature through straw mulching optimizes root and canopy development, improving soybean yield. This study provides insights into mitigating heat stress and enhancing sustainable soybean production in warm climates.

KeywordsCanopy structure; Straw mulching; Topsoil temperature; Root morphology; Leaf area index
Year of Publication2025
JournalField Crops Research
Journal citation333 (1 November), p. 110067
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2025.110067
Web address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429025003326?via%3Dihub
Open accessPublished as non-open access
FunderEuropean Union
Funder project or codeTrans4num - Transformation for Sustainable Nutrient Supply and Management
Output statusPublished
Publication dates
Online10 Jul 2025
Publication process dates
Accepted04 Jul 2025
PublisherElsevier
ISSN0378-4290

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The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services

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Dolan, R., Bullock, J. M., Jones, J. P. G., Athanasiadis, I. N., Martinez-Lopez, J. and Willcock, S. 2021. The Flows of Nature to People, and of People to Nature: Applying Movement Concepts to Ecosystem Services. Land. 10 (6), p. 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10060576

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