An exploratory study on the use of different composite magnetic and colour fingerprints in aeolian sediment provenance fingerprinting

There is an urgent need for reliable and cost-effective sediment source tracing techniques for apportioning
aeolian sediment (sand dune) sources for guiding the selection of best management practices for wind erosion
control. Accordingly, the main aim of this study was to quantify the contributions of aeolian sources to sand dune
target sediment samples collected in a case study in central Iran using a source fingerprinting procedure based on
low-cost fingerprints comprising colour and magnetic tracers. Colour (RGB), magnetic susceptibility (χlf and χhf)
and 13 colour and magnetic indices were measured on 54 aeolian sediment source samples and ten aeolian target
sediment samples. Three different composite fingerprints for discriminating and apportioning the aeolian sediment
sources were selected based on a combination of statistical tests comprising the Kruskal–Wallis H test (KWH),
discriminant function analysis (DFA), principal component & classification analysis (PCCA), and a general
classification & regression tree (GC&RT) model. The Modified MixSIR Bayesian un-mixing model was used to
apportion aeolian source contributions using the final composite fingerprints. The composite signatures all
suggested that the salt flat plain was the dominant (average 63%, and standard deviation, SD, 5.9%) source of the
aeolian target sediment samples, whilst agricultural land was second (average 63%, SD 5.6%,) most important.
The root mean square difference between the apportionment results based on the three composite fingerprints
ranged from 0.2% to 8.3%. Pairwise comparisons of the posterior distributions for the predicted source proportions
generated using the three composite signatures showed that eight of 12 pairwise comparisons were not
significantly different. Virtual mixture accuracy tests of the fingerprinting models using the three composite
signatures suggested errors ranging between 2.2%􀀀 20.6% (with a mean of 9.9%), 1.4%􀀀 17.0% (mean value
8.3%), and 0.03%􀀀 1.0% (mean value 0.8%). The results support the use of low-cost colour and magnetic tracers
by investigations into aeolian sediment provenance.